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arXiv 2307.04089quant-ph
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变分量子算法能否展示量子优势?时间至关重要

Can Variational Quantum Algorithms Demonstrate Quantum Advantages? Time Really Matters

Huan-Yu Liu, Zhao-Yun Chen, Tai-Ping Sun, Cheng Xue, Yu-Chun Wu, Guo-Ping Guo

AI总结:

本文通过分析变分量子算法中参数数量与梯度评估成本的依赖关系,并估计其理想运行时间及与经典模拟的比较,论证了在当前工作流程下VQAs因时间尺度限制难以展示量子优势,同时为优化VQAs和探索更自然的混合量子-经典算法提供了方向。

摘要:

应用低深度量子神经网络(QNNs),变分量子算法(VQAs)在含噪声中等规模量子(NISQ)时代既充满前景又面临挑战:尽管取得了显著进展,但对其效率和可行性的批评从未停止。然而,VQAs能否展示量子优势至今仍无定论,本文将对这一问题进行研究。首先,我们将证明在训练QNNs时,参数数量与梯度评估成本之间存在依赖关系。注意到使用反向传播算法训练经典神经网络时不存在这种直接依赖关系,我们认为这种依赖关系限制了VQAs的可扩展性。其次,我们估计了在理想情况下运行VQAs的时间,即不考虑噪声和可达性等现实限制。我们将证明理想时间成本很容易达到1年墙钟时间的量级。第三,通过与经典模拟量子电路的时间成本进行比较,我们将证明只有当时间成本达到$10^0$-$10^2$年的尺度时,VQAs才能优于经典模拟情况。最后,基于上述结果,我们认为就时间尺度而言,在当前工作流程下,VQAs很难优于经典情况,因此难以展示量子优势。由于VQAs以及量子计算正在快速发展,本工作并非旨在否定VQAs的潜力。本文的分析为优化VQAs提供了方向,从长远来看,寻找更自然的混合量子-经典算法将是有意义的。

英文摘要:

Applying low-depth quantum neural networks (QNNs), variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) are both promising and challenging in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era: Despite its remarkable progress, criticisms on the efficiency and feasibility issues never stopped. However, whether VQAs can demonstrate quantum advantages is still undetermined till now, which will be investigated in this paper. First, we will prove that there exists a dependency between the parameter number and the gradient-evaluation cost when training QNNs. Noticing there is no such direct dependency when training classical neural networks with the backpropagation algorithm, we argue that such a dependency limits the scalability of VQAs. Second, we estimate the time for running VQAs in ideal cases, i.e., without considering realistic limitations like noise and reachability. We will show that the ideal time cost easily reaches the order of a 1-year wall time. Third, by comparing with the time cost using classical simulation of quantum circuits, we will show that VQAs can only outperform the classical simulation case when the time cost reaches the scaling of $10^0$-$10^2$ years. Finally, based on the above results, we argue that it would be difficult for VQAs to outperform classical cases in view of time scaling, and therefore, demonstrate quantum advantages, with the current workflow. Since VQAs as well as quantum computing are developing rapidly, this work does not aim to deny the potential of VQAs. The analysis in this paper provides directions for optimizing VQAs, and in the long run, seeking more natural hybrid quantum-classical algorithms would be meaningful.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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