Mass loss is one of the key parameters that determine stellar evolution. Despite the progress we have achieved over the last decades we still cannot match the observational derived values with theoretical predictions. Even worse, there are certain phases, such as the B[e] supergiants (B[e]SGs) and the Luminous Blue Variables (LBVs), where significant mass is lost through episodic or outburst activity. This leads to various structures around them that permit dust formation, making these objects bright IR sources. The ASSESS project aims to determine the role of episodic mass in the evolution of massive stars, by examining large numbers of cool and hot objects (such as B[e]SGs/LBVs). For this, we initiated a large observing campaign to obtain spectroscopic data for $\sim$1000 IR selected sources in 27 nearby galaxies. Within this project we successfully identified 7 B[e] supergiants (one candidate) and 4 Luminous Blue Variables of which 6 and 2, respectively, are new discoveries. We used spectroscopic, photometric, and light curve information to better constrain the nature of the reported objects. We particularly note the presence of B[e]SGs at metallicity environments as low as 0.14 Z$_{\odot}$.
Broad Balmer Wings in BA Hyper/Supergiants Distorted by Diffuse Interstellar Bands: Five Examples in the 30 Doradus Region from the VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey
A New Catalogue of Galactic Red Supergiants for direct detection of episodic mass-loss events
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo(意大利国家天体物理研究所巴勒莫天文台);Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Padova(帕多瓦大学物理与天文学系);Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo(巴勒莫大学物理与化学系);INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova(意大利国家天体物理研究所帕多瓦天文台);INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma(意大利国家天体物理研究所罗马天文台)
The dramatic transition of the extreme Red Supergiant WOH G64 to a Yellow Hypergiant
National Observatory of Athens(雅典国家天文台);Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens(雅典国立卡波迪斯特里安大学物理系);Institute of Astrophysics, FORTH(希腊研究所天体物理研究所)
Cool, Luminous, and Highly Variable Stars in the Magellanic Clouds. II: Spectroscopic and Environmental Analysis of Thorne-Żytkow Object and Super-AGB Star Candidates
在以前的工作中,我们在麦哲伦星云中发现了38颗冷而明亮的变星,并对其中11颗进行了详细的研究,以便将它们归类为索恩-迪特科天体(TdoOs,具有中子星核心的红超巨星)或超级AGB星(最大质量的恒星,不会发生核心坍缩)。这个星族包括HV\,2112,一颗在其他研究中被认为是TtoO或高质量AGB星的特殊恒星。在这里,我们继续这项调查,使用这些恒星的运动学和无线电环境和当地的恒星形成历史的祖先系统的年龄和过去的超新星的存在的限制。这些恒星与最近恒星形成的区域无关,我们在它们的位置没有发现过去超新星的证据。最后,我们还评估了与红超巨星相比,它们光谱中重元素和锂的存在。我们发现,与大多数样品中的RSG相比,Li和s-过程元素的吸收较强,与超AGB核合成一致,而HV 1,2112显示出与TdOO核合成相关的额外强线。再加上我们以前的质量估计,结果是一致的恒星是大质量(~4- 6.5 M $_{\odot}$)或超级AGB(~6.5- 12 M $_{\odot}$)恒星在热脉冲阶段,提供低质量和高质量恒星星族之间的过渡的重要观察。HV\,2112则更加模糊,它可能是一颗最大质量的sAGB星,或者是一颗Tdo O,如果稳定的最小质量延伸到<13 M $_\odot$。
Extragalactic Multi-Band Exploration of Red Supergiants (EMBERS): Pipeline, Source Classification, and Bolometric Properties of 101,219 Red Supergiants from James Webb Space Telescope Imaging
Northwestern University(西北大学);University of Toronto(多伦多大学);University of Florida(佛罗里达大学);INAF(意大利国家天体物理研究所)
Role of supergiants in the formation of globular clusters
在几乎所有的球状星团中都可以观察到多个恒星星族,但这一现象的起源仍然存在争议。我们调查了冷超巨星可能扮演的角色。为此,我们结合了两种研究方法:最先进的大质量恒星演化和计算的流体动力学结构的集群气体。这种方法使我们能够研究年轻大质量星团中的恒星形成如何取决于第一代恒星的能量和质量输入,同时预测第二代恒星的化学组成。我们发现,在年轻的星团中存在大质量(9-500 M $_{\odot}$)的贫金属超巨星,导致在星团生命的前400万年内,也就是说,在第一个核心坍缩超新星爆炸或气体被排出之前,有一个恒星形成的插曲。恒星风在星团中心聚集,形成第二代。它的组成预测显示O和Na丰度的变化,与观测一致。氦的丰度,类似于其他涉及大质量恒星的情况,高于观测值。假设恒星从星团外围动力学地移出,或者采用头重脚轻的初始质量函数,我们可以预言第二代的数量比例高达20- 80%。金属丰度的影响被证明是重要的,因为最明亮的超巨星只预测在低金属丰度,从而限制了$-$,但不排除$-$在高金属丰度污染的第二代的程度。这些变成黑洞的大质量恒星表明球状星团中有引力波的祖先。我们的方案预测了集群的质量和多人口现象的程度之间的相关性。