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arXiv 2006.01940astro-ph.SRastro-ph.GAastro-ph.HE
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模拟恒星合并的艺术和小麦哲伦云中B[e]超巨星R4的情况

The Art of Modeling Stellar Mergers and the Case of the B[e] Supergiant R4 in the Small Magellanic Cloud

Samantha Wu, Rosa Wallace Everson, Fabian R. N. Schneider, Philipp Podsiadlowski, Enrico Ramirez-Ruiz

摘要:

大多数大质量恒星与伴星交换质量,导致演化与孤立恒星的预期截然不同。这样的系统是不寻常的二元进化途径的结果,因此,可以用来对这些相互作用的物理学进行严格的限制。我们使用R4系统的B[e]超巨星,它被假定为是一个双星合并的产物,通过比较R4的观测结果与3D流体动力学代码FLASH进行的合并模拟结果来指导我们对这些结果的理解。我们的方法量身定制的模拟初始条件所观察到的性质的R4和实现现实的恒星轮廓所产生的一维恒星演化代码MESA到三维网格上,解决合并inspiral内$0.02\, R_{\odot}$。然后,我们将合并残余映射到MESA中,以跟踪其在$10^4$年期间在HR图上的演变。这产生了B[e]超巨星的模型,其恒星性质、年龄和星云结构与R4系统的性质一致。我们的计算提供了具体的证据来支持R4最初是一个三重系统的成员,在这个三重系统中,内部的双星在其最大质量的成员从主序星演化出来后合并,产生了一个新的物体,它的质量相似,但比A超巨星伴星更亮。本文提出的代码框架的潜在应用是广泛的,可以用来生成各种合并恒星残留物的模型。

英文摘要:

Most massive stars exchange mass with a companion, leading to evolution which is altered drastically from that expected of stars in isolation. Such systems are the result of unusual binary evolution pathways and, as such, may be used to place stringent constraints on the physics of these interactions. We use the R4 system's B[e] supergiant, which has been postulated to be the product of a binary stellar merger, to guide our understanding of such outcomes by comparing observations of R4 to the results of simulations of mergers performed with the 3d hydrodynamics code FLASH. Our approach tailors the simulation initial conditions to the observed properties of R4 and implements realistic stellar profiles generated by the 1d stellar evolution code MESA onto the 3d grid, resolving the merger inspiral to within $0.02\, R_{\odot}$. We then map the merger remnant into MESA to track its evolution on the HR diagram over a period of $10^4$ years. This generates models for a B[e] supergiant with stellar properties, age, and nebula structure in qualitative agreement with that of the R4 system. Our calculations provide concrete evidence to support the idea that R4 was originally a member of a triple system in which the inner binary merged after its most massive member evolved off the main sequence, producing a new object that is of similar mass yet significantly more luminous than the A supergiant companion. The potential applications of the code framework presented in this paper are wide ranging and can be used to generate models of a variety of merger stellar remnants.

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