We offer a study that connects robust discriminative classifiers trained with adversarial training (AT) with generative modeling in the form of Energy-based Models (EBM). We do so by decomposing the loss of a discriminative classifier and showing that the discriminative model is also aware of the input data density. Though a common assumption is that adversarial points leave the manifold of the input data, our study finds out that, surprisingly, untargeted adversarial points in the input space are very likely under the generative model hidden inside the discriminative classifier -- have low energy in the EBM. We present two evidence: untargeted attacks are even more likely than the natural data and their likelihood increases as the attack strength increases. This allows us to easily detect them and craft a novel attack called High-Energy PGD that fools the classifier yet has energy similar to the data set. The code is available at github.com/senad96/Robust-Generative
Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) represent a promising class of generative networks that combine neural networks with game theory. From generating realistic images and videos to assisting musical creation, GANs are transforming many fields of arts and sciences. However, their application to healthcare has not been fully realized, more specifically in generating electronic health records (EHR) data. In this paper, we propose a framework for exploring the value of GANs in the context of continuous laboratory time series data. We devise an unsupervised evaluation method that measures the pr…
The use of accurate scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) image simulation methods require large computation times that can make their use infeasible for the simulation of many images. Other simulation methods based on linear imaging models, such as the convolution method, are much faster but are too inaccurate to be used in application. In this paper, we explore deep learning models that attempt to translate a STEM image produced by the convolution method to a prediction of the high accuracy multislice image. We then compare our results to those of regression methods. We find that …
Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have shown great promise in modeling high dimensional data. The learning objective of GANs usually minimizes some measure discrepancy, \textit{e.g.}, $f$-divergence~($f$-GANs) or Integral Probability Metric~(Wasserstein GANs). With $f$-divergence as the objective function, the discriminator essentially estimates the density ratio, and the estimated ratio proves useful in further improving the sample quality of the generator. However, how to leverage the information contained in the discriminator of Wasserstein GANs (WGAN) is less explored. In this paper, …
We investigate the effectiveness of generative adversarial networks (GANs) for speech enhancement, in the context of improving noise robustness of automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems. Prior work demonstrates that GANs can effectively suppress additive noise in raw waveform speech signals, improving perceptual quality metrics; however this technique was not justified in the context of ASR. In this work, we conduct a detailed study to measure the effectiveness of GANs in enhancing speech contaminated by both additive and reverberant noise. Motivated by recent advances in image processing,…
In this paper, we investigate the Chinese font synthesis problem and propose a Pyramid Embedded Generative Adversarial Network (PEGAN) to automatically generate Chinese character images. The PEGAN consists of one generator and one discriminator. The generator is built using one encoder-decoder structure with cascaded refinement connections and mirror skip connections. The cascaded refinement connections embed a multiscale pyramid of downsampled original input into the encoder feature maps of different layers, and multi-scale feature maps from the encoder are connected to the corresponding feat…
Exploring the Optimal Choice for Generative Processes in Diffusion Models: Ordinary vs Stochastic Differential Equations
Institute of Natural Sciences & School of Mathematical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学自然科学研究院与数学科学学院）；University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）；Suzhou Institute of Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学苏州高等研究院）；City University of Hong Kong（香港城市大学）
In recent years, unsupervised/weakly-supervised conditional generative adversarial networks (GANs) have achieved many successes on the task of modeling and generating data. However, one of their weaknesses lies in their poor ability to separate, or disentangle, the different factors that characterize the representation encoded in their latent space. To address this issue, we propose a novel structure for unsupervised conditional GANs powered by a novel Information Compensation Connection (IC-Connection). The proposed IC-Connection enables GANs to compensate for information loss incurred during…
Generative adversarial networks (GANs) are a recently proposed class of generative models in which a generator is trained to optimize a cost function that is being simultaneously learned by a discriminator. While the idea of learning cost functions is relatively new to the field of generative modeling, learning costs has long been studied in control and reinforcement learning (RL) domains, typically for imitation learning from demonstrations. In these fields, learning cost function underlying observed behavior is known as inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) or inverse optimal control. While a…
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory（劳伦斯利弗莫尔国家实验室）
There is significant interest in using modern neural networks for scientific applications due to their effectiveness in modeling highly complex, non-linear problems in a data-driven fashion. However, a common challenge is to verify the scientific plausibility or validity of outputs predicted by a neural network. This work advocates the use of known scientific constraints as a lens into evaluating, exploring, and understanding such predictions for the problem of inertial confinement fusion.
The University of Tokyo（东京大学）；National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)（产业技术综合研究所）
Transformers have shown improved performance when compared to previous architectures for sequence processing such as RNNs. Despite their sizeable performance gains, as recently suggested, the model is computationally expensive to train and with a high parameter budget. In light of this, we explore parameter-sharing methods in Transformers with a specific focus on generative models. We perform an analysis of different parameter sharing/reduction methods and develop the Subformer. Our model combines sandwich-style parameter sharing, which overcomes naive cross-layer parameter sharing in generati…
Generative Models and Connected and Automated Vehicles: A Survey in Exploring the Intersection of Transportation and AI
School of Engineering Science（工程科学学院）；Shandong Xiehe University（山东谢河大学）；Department of Electrical Engineering（电气工程系）；Northwestern University（西北大学）；Department of Computer Science（计算机科学系）；Pace University（帕克大学）
Context. Generative models open up the possibility to interrogate scientific data in a more data-driven way. Aims: We propose a method that uses generative models to explore hypotheses in astrophysics and other areas. We use a neural network to show how we can independently manipulate physical attributes by encoding objects in latent space. Methods: By learning a latent space representation of the data, we can use this network to forward model and explore hypotheses in a data-driven way. We train a neural network to generate artificial data to test hypotheses for the underlying physical proces…
Exploring utilization of generative AI for research and education in data-driven materials science
Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo（东京大学固体物理研究所）；National Institute for Materials Science（国家材料科学研究所）；Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo（东京大学前沿科学研究生院）
Temporal point process (TPP) is commonly used to model the asynchronous event sequence featuring occurrence timestamps and revealed by probabilistic models conditioned on historical impacts. While lots of previous works have focused on `goodness-of-fit' of TPP models by maximizing the likelihood, their predictive performance is unsatisfactory, which means the timestamps generated by models are far apart from true observations. Recently, deep generative models such as denoising diffusion and score matching models have achieved great progress in image generating tasks by demonstrating their capa…
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；Huawei Inc.（华为公司）；Huazhong University of Science and Technology（华中科技大学）
The existing neural architecture search algorithms are mostly working on search spaces with short-distance connections. We argue that such designs, though safe and stable, obstacles the search algorithms from exploring more complicated scenarios. In this paper, we build the search algorithm upon a complicated search space with long-distance connections, and show that existing weight-sharing search algorithms mostly fail due to the existence of \textbf{interleaved connections}. Based on the observation, we present a simple yet effective algorithm named \textbf{IF-NAS}, where we perform a period…
Exploring Multiple High-Scoring Subspaces in Generative Flow Networks
University of Science and Technology of China (USTC)（中国科学技术大学）；Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, USTC（先进研究苏州市机构）；State Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, USTC（精密与智能化学国家重点实验室）
School of Informatics, Xiamen University, China（厦门大学信息学院）；WeChat AI, Tencent Inc, China（腾讯公司微信AI部门）；Key Laboratory of Digital Protection and Intelligent Processing of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Fujian and Taiwan (Xiamen University), Ministry of Culture and Tourism, China（福建省和台湾非物质文化遗产数字化保护与智能处理重点实验室）；Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, China（上海人工智能实验室）
Performance RNN is a machine-learning system designed primarily for the generation of solo piano performances using an event-based (rather than audio) representation. More specifically, Performance RNN is a long short-term memory (LSTM) based recurrent neural network that models polyphonic music with expressive timing and dynamics (Oore et al., 2018). The neural network uses a simple language model based on the Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) file format. Performance RNN is trained on the e-Piano Junior Competition Dataset (International Piano e-Competition, 2018), a collection of …
University of Washington（华盛顿大学）；Pacific Northwest National Laboratory（太平洋西北国家实验室）
Many-to-one maps are ubiquitous in machine learning, from the image recognition model that assigns a multitude of distinct images to the concept of "cat" to the time series forecasting model which assigns a range of distinct time-series to a single scalar regression value. While the primary use of such models is naturally to associate correct output to each input, in many problems it is also useful to be able to explore, understand, and sample from a model's fibers, which are the set of input values $x$ such that $f(x) = y$, for fixed $y$ in the output space. In this paper we show that popular…
Exploring the Impact of Generative Artificial Intelligence in Education: A Thematic Analysis
Dundalk Institute of Technology（唐道克理工学院）；Dublin Business School（都柏林商学院）；University College Dublin（都柏林大学学院）；Technological University Dublin（都柏林理工大学）；Jagan Institute of Management Studies（贾根管理学院）
Baylor College of Medicine（贝勒医学院）；Rice University（莱斯大学）
A major obstacle to developing artificial intelligence applications capable of true lifelong learning is that artificial neural networks quickly or catastrophically forget previously learned tasks when trained on a new one. Numerous methods for alleviating catastrophic forgetting are currently being proposed, but differences in evaluation protocols make it difficult to directly compare their performance. To enable more meaningful comparisons, here we identified three distinct scenarios for continual learning based on whether task identity is known and, if it is not, whether it needs to be infe…
Universitat de València-CSIC（瓦伦西亚大学-西班牙国家研究委员会）；University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学）；Universidad Isabel I de Castilla（伊莎贝尔一世卡斯蒂利亚大学）；University of Sussex（萨塞克斯大学）
University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）；JD Explore Academy（京东探索研究院）；The University of Sydney（悉尼大学）
Data-Efficient GANs (DE-GANs), which aim to learn generative models with a limited amount of training data, encounter several challenges for generating high-quality samples. Since data augmentation strategies have largely alleviated the training instability, how to further improve the generative performance of DE-GANs becomes a hotspot. Recently, contrastive learning has shown the great potential of increasing the synthesis quality of DE-GANs, yet related principles are not well explored. In this paper, we revisit and compare different contrastive learning strategies in DE-GANs, and identify (…
University of Wisconsin-Madison（威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校）；University of California San Diego（加州大学圣迭戈分校）；Protocol Labs（协议实验室）
Machine learning is being increasingly used by individuals, research institutions, and corporations. This has resulted in the surge of Machine Learning-as-a-Service (MLaaS) - cloud services that provide (a) tools and resources to learn the model, and (b) a user-friendly query interface to access the model. However, such MLaaS systems raise privacy concerns such as model extraction. In model extraction attacks, adversaries maliciously exploit the query interface to steal the model. More precisely, in a model extraction attack, a good approximation of a sensitive or proprietary model held by the…
Filling the Missing: Exploring Generative AI for Enhanced Federated Learning over Heterogeneous Mobile Edge Devices
University of Macau（澳门大学）；Zhejiang University of Technology（浙江工业大学）；Guangdong University of Technology（广东工业大学）；Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学）；University of Waterloo（滑铁卢大学）
The Pennsylvania State University（宾夕法尼亚州立大学）；School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science（电气工程与计算机科学学院）；University Park（大学公园（此处为校区名，按要求提取到学院级别，原机构为宾夕法尼亚州立大学，学院为其下属，按规则提取到大学级别即可））
On-chip edge intelligence has necessitated the exploration of algorithmic techniques to reduce the compute requirements of current machine learning frameworks. This work aims to bridge the recent algorithmic progress in training Binary Neural Networks and Spiking Neural Networks - both of which are driven by the same motivation and yet synergies between the two have not been fully explored. We show that training Spiking Neural Networks in the extreme quantization regime results in near full precision accuracies on large-scale datasets like CIFAR-$100$ and ImageNet. An important implication of …
Zhejiang University（浙江大学）；Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University（浙江大学宁波研究院）
Anomaly detection (AD) has attracted considerable attention in both academia and industry. Due to the lack of anomalous data in many practical cases, AD is usually solved by first modeling the normal data pattern and then determining if data fit this model. Generative models (GMs) seem a natural tool to achieve this purpose, which learn the normal data distribution and estimate it using a probability density function (PDF). However, some works have observed the ideal performance of such GM-based AD methods. In this paper, we propose a new perspective on the ideal performance of GM-based AD met…
Steering an Active Learning Workflow Towards Novel Materials Discovery via Queue Prioritization
1 Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago；2 Data Science \& Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory；3 Department of Civil, Materials；Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago
