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arXiv 2303.04017astro-ph.HEastro-ph.GA
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理解并合双黑洞的前身星形成星系

Understanding the progenitor formation galaxies of merging binary black holes

Rahul Srinivasan, Astrid Lamberts, Marie Anne Bizouard, Tristan Bruel, Simone Mastrogiovanni

AI总结:

本研究通过分析240个恒星形成与双星演化模型,探究双黑洞并合的典型星系环境,发现其形成星系属性与金属丰度密切相关,并为引力波信号的前身星环境提供了后验概率推断。

摘要:

随着近一百次引力波探测的实现,黑洞并合的起源已成为一个关键问题。在此,我们专注于理解双黑洞并合产生的典型星系环境。为此,我们针对240个恒星形成和双星演化模型,将双黑洞并合的前身星作为前身星形成红移、现今形成星系质量和前身星恒星金属丰度的函数进行综合分析。我们提供了推断形成星系属性和形成时间的指导原则,强调了恒星形成率与从双星形成并合双黑洞效率之间的相互作用,两者都强烈依赖于金属丰度。我们发现,在各个模型中,超过50%的BBH并合的前身星金属丰度为太阳金属丰度的十分之几,然而,推断形成星系属性强烈依赖于双星演化模型和全局金属丰度演化。大量低质量黑洞($\mathrm{\lesssim 15\,M_{\odot}}$)追踪了比银河系更重的星系($M_\mathrm{Gal}$ $\mathrm{\gtrsim 10^{10.5}\,M_{\odot}}$)中恒星形成的主体。相比之下,较重的BBH并合通常源自在较低金属丰度矮星系($M_\mathrm{Gal}$ $\mathrm{\lesssim 10^{9}\,M_{\odot}}$)中形成的较大黑洞。我们发现,可探测双黑洞的前身星往往倾向于在较低的形成红移($\lesssim \, 1$)源自矮星系。我们还为任何探测到的引力波信号生成了前身星环境的后验概率。对于大质量的GW150914并合,我们表明它很可能来自极低金属丰度($Z$ $\mathrm{\lesssim}\,0.025\,\mathrm{Z_{\odot}}$)的环境。

英文摘要:

With nearly a hundred gravitational wave detections, the origin of black hole mergers has become a key question. Here, we focus on understanding the typical galactic environment in which binary black hole mergers arise. To this end, we synthesize progenitors of binary black hole mergers as a function of the redshift of progenitor formation, present-day formation galaxy mass, and progenitor stellar metallicity for $240$ star formation and binary evolution models. We provide guidelines to infer the formation galaxy properties and time of formation, highlighting the interplay between the star formation rate and the efficiency of forming merging binary black holes from binary stars, both of which strongly depend on metallicity. We find that across models, over 50% of BBH mergers have a progenitor metallicity of a few tenths of Solar metallicity, however, inferring formation galaxy properties strongly depends on both the binary evolution model and global metallicity evolution. The numerous, low-mass black holes ($\mathrm{\lesssim 15\,M_{\odot}}$) trace the bulk of the star formation in galaxies heavier than the Milky Way ($M_\mathrm{Gal}$ $\mathrm{\gtrsim 10^{10.5}\,M_{\odot}}$). In contrast, heavier BBH mergers typically stem from larger black holes forming in lower metallicity dwarf galaxies ($M_\mathrm{Gal}$ $\mathrm{\lesssim 10^{9}\,M_{\odot}}$). We find that the progenitors of detectable binary black holes tend to arise from dwarf galaxies at a lower formation redshift ($\lesssim \, 1$). We also produce a posterior probability of the progenitor environment for any detected gravitational wave signal. For the massive GW150914 merger, we show that it likely came from a very low metallicity ($Z$ $\mathrm{\lesssim}\,0.025\,\mathrm{Z_{\odot}}$) environment.

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