年轻男性和女性科学家：全球科学劳动力人口变化的定量探索研究
Young Male and Female Scientists: A Quantitative Exploratory Study of the Changing Demographics of the Global Scientific Workforce
AI总结：
研究通过大规模、代际、横断面和纵向方法分析全球科学劳动力人口变化，探讨16个STEMM学科中年轻男女科学家分布变化，发现医学领域女性科学家占比高，方法探讨了性别、年龄、学科和时间的科学劳动力分析。
摘要：
在本研究中，通过大规模、代际、横断面和纵向方法探索全球科学劳动力。我们分析了1990-2021年间来自38个OECD国家的430万非偶然科学家。我们的兴趣在于不同时间点16个STEMM（科学、技术、工程、数学、医学）学科中年轻男性和女性科学家分布的变化。通过年龄组分析科学劳动力的变化细节。某些学科已经由女性主导，变化速度在某些学科中较快，其他学科中较慢。在三分之一的学科中，最年轻女性科学家数量已多于男性。所有学科合计，大多数女性是年轻女性。超过一半的女性科学家（55.02%）位于医学领域。测试了全球文献计量数据源在分析性别、年龄、学科和时间的科学劳动力方面的有用性。传统聚合数据隐藏了不同学科和年龄组内性别动态的复杂图景。探讨了文献计量数据集的局限性，并将全球研究与国家层面研究进行比较。展示了方法学选择及其影响，并讨论了如何全球研究科学家的新机会。
英文摘要：
In this study, the global scientific workforce is explored through large-scale, generational, cross-sectional, and longitudinal approaches. We examine 4.3 million nonoccasional scientists from 38 OECD countries publishing in 1990-2021. Our interest is in the changing distribution of young male and female scientists over time across 16 STEMM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics, medicine) disciplines. We unpack the details of the changing scientific workforce using age groups. Some disciplines are already numerically dominated by women, and the change is fast in some and slow in other disciplines. In one-third of disciplines, there are already more youngest female than male scientists. Across all disciplines combined, the majority of women are young women. And more than half of women scientists (55.02%) are located in medicine. The usefulness of global bibliometric data sources in analyzing the scientific workforce along gender, age, discipline, and time is tested. Traditional aggregated data about scientists in general hide a nuanced picture of the changing gender dynamics within and across disciplines and age groups. The limitations of bibliometric datasets are explored, and global studies are compared with national-level studies. The methodological choices and their implications are shown, and new opportunities for how to study scientists globally are discussed.
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