We consider the 2D gravity water waves equation on an infinite domain. We prove a local wellposedness result which allows interfaces with corners and cusps as initial data and which is such that the time of existence of solutions is uniform even as the gravity parameter $g \to 0$. For $g>0$, we prove an improved blow up criterion for these singular solutions and we also prove an existence result for $g = 0$. Moreover the energy estimate used to prove this result is scaling invariant.
As an application of this energy estimate, we then consider the water wave equation with no gravity where the fluid domain is homeomorphic to the disc. We prove a local wellposedness result which allows for interfaces with angled crests and cusps as initial data and then by a rigidity argument, we show that there exists initial interfaces with angled crests for which the energy blows up in finite time, thereby proving the optimality of this local wellposedness result. For smooth initial data, this local wellposedness result gives a longer time of existence as compared to previous results when the initial velocity is small and we also improve upon the blow up criterion.
We prove that the streamlines and the profile of periodic gravity water waves traveling over a flat bed with wavespeed which exceeds the horizontal velocity of all fluid particles are real-analytic graphs if the vorticity function is merely integrable.
We construct small-amplitude steady periodic gravity water waves arising as the free surface of water flows that contain stagnation points and possess a discontinuous distribution of vorticity in the sense that the flows consist of two layers of constant but different vorticities. We also describe the streamline pattern in the moving frame for the constructed flows.
Given any suitably small, localized, and smooth initial data, in this paper, we prove global regularity for the $3D$ finite depth gravity water wave system. As a byproduct, we rule out the small, localized traveling waves in $3D$, which do exist for the same system in $2D$.
In this paper we construct periodic capillarity-gravity water waves with a piecewise constant vorticity distribution. They describe water waves traveling on superposed linearly sheared currents that have different vorticities. This is achieved by associating to the height function formulation of the water wave problem a diffraction problem where we impose suitable transmission conditions on each line where the vorticity function has a jump. The solutions of the diffraction problem, found by using local bifurcation theory, are the desired solutions of the hydrodynamical problem.
This article is concerned with the incompressible, infinite depth water wave equation in two space dimensions, with gravity and constant vorticity but with no surface tension. We consider this problem expressed in position-velocity potential holomorphic coordinates, and prove local well-posedness for large data, as well as cubic lifespan bounds for small data solutions.
We prove Strichartz estimates for gravity water waves, in arbitrary dimension and in fluid domains with general bottoms. We consider rough solutions such that, initially, the first order derivatives of the velocity field are not controlled in $L^\infty$-norm, or the initial free surface has a curvature not controlled in $L^2$-norm.
We consider the capillary-gravity water-waves problem of finite depth with a flat bottom of one or two horizontal dimensions. We derive the modulation equations of leading and next-to-leading order in the hyperbolic scaling for three weakly amplitude-modulated plane-wave solutions of the linearized problem in the absence of quadratic and cubic resonances. We fully justify the derived system of macroscopic equations in the case of pure gravity waves, i.e. in the case of zero surface tension, employing the stability of the water-waves problem on the time-scale $O(1/\ep)$ obtained by Alvarez-Sama…
We show existence of global solutions for the gravity water waves equation in dimension 3, in the case of small data. The proof combines energy estimates, which yield control of L^2 related norms, with dispersive estimates, which give decay in L^\infty. To obtain these dispersive estimates, we use an analysis in Fourier space; the study of space and time resonances is then the crucial point.
We exhibit blow-up conditions for the gravity water-waves equations in any dimension and in domains with arbitrary bottoms. We follow the method by Alazard, Burq and Zuily of using a paradifferential reduction of the equations and derive precise a priori Sobolev estimates. Those estimates are then used to prove three different blow-up conditions where neither the boundedness of the curvature of the surface nor the boundedness in time of the Lipschitz norm of the velocity are needed.
We present the recent result [8] concerning the existence of quasi-periodic in time traveling waves for the 2d pure gravity water waves system in infinite depth. We provide the first existence result of quasi-periodic water waves solutions bifurcating from a completely resonant elliptic fixed point. The proof is based on a Nash-Moser scheme, Birkhoff normal form methods and pseudo-differential calculus techniques. We deal with the combined problems of small divisors and the fully-nonlinear nature of the equations.
This article is concerned with infinite depth gravity water waves with constant vorticity in two space dimensions. We consider this system expressed in position-velocity potential holomorphic coordinates. We show that, for low-frequency solutions, the Benjamin-Ono equation gives a good and stable approximation to the system on the natural cubic time scale. The proof relies on refined cubic energy estimates and perturbative analysis.
In this article we consider irrotational gravity water waves with finite bottom. Our goal is two-fold. First, we represent the equations in holomorphic coordinates and discuss the local well-posedness of the problem in this context. Second, we consider the small data problem and establish cubic lifespan bounds for the solutions. Our results are uniform in the infinite depth limit, and match the earlier infinite depth result of Hunter-Ifrim-Tataru.
We consider the gravity water waves system in the case of a one dimensional interface, for sufficiently smooth and localized initial data, and prove global existence of small solutions. This improves the almost global existence result of Wu \cite{WuAG}. We also prove that the asymptotic behavior of solutions as time goes to infinity is different from linear, unlike the three dimensional case \cite{GMS2,Wu3DWW}. In particular, we identify a suitable nonlinear logarithmic correction and show modified scattering. The solutions we construct in this paper appear to be the first global smooth nontri…
We prove the existence of small amplitude time quasi-periodic solutions of the pure gravity water waves equations with constant vorticity, for a bidimensional fluid over a flat bottom delimited by a space periodic free interface. Using a Nash-Moser implicit function iterative scheme we construct traveling nonlinear waves which pass through each other slightly deforming and retaining forever a quasiperiodic structure. These solutions exist for any fixed value of depth and gravity and restricting the vorticity parameter to a Borel set of asymptotically full Lebesgue measure.
We construct large families of two-dimensional travelling water waves propagating under the influence of gravity in a flow of constant vorticity over a flat bed. A Riemann-Hilbert problem approach is used to recast the governing equations as a one-dimensional elliptic pseudo-differential equation with a scalar constraint. The structural properties of this formulation, which arises as the Euler-Lagrange equation of an energy functional, enable us to develop a theory of analytic global bifurcation.
The two dimensional gravity water wave problem concerns the motion of an incompressible fluid occupying half the 2D space and flowing under its own gravity. In this paper we study long-term regularity of solutions evolving from small but non-localized initial data. Our main result is that if the $H^s$ norm of the initial data is $ε$, where $s \gg 1$ and $ε\ll 1$, then the equation is wellposed at least for a time proportional to $ε^{-4}$, improving on the $ε^{-3}$ lifespan obtained in \cite{BeFePu,Wu2DL}. We also study period water waves and show a lifespan bridging the gap between non-periodi…
We prove the existence of small steady periodic capillary-gravity water waves for general stratified flows, where we allow for stagnation points in the flow. We establish the existence of both laminar and non-laminar flow solutions for the governing equations. This is achieved by using bifurcation theory and estimates based on the ellipticity of the system, where we regard, in turn, the mass-flux and surface tension as bifurcation parameters.
We are interested in the system of gravity water waves equations without surface tension. Our purpose is to study the optimal regularity thresholds for the initial conditions. In terms of Sobolev embeddings, the initial surfaces we consider turn out to be only of~$C^{3/2+ε}$-class for some $ε>0$ and consequently have unbounded curvature, while the initial velocities are only Lipschitz. We reduce the system using a paradifferential approach.
We prove global existence and modified scattering property for the solutions of the $2D$ gravity water waves system in the infinite depth setting for a class of initial data, which is only required to be small above the level $\dot{H}^{1/5}\times \dot{H}^{1/5+1/2}$. No assumption is assumed below this level, therefore, it allows to have infinite energy. As a direct consequence, the momentum condition assumed on the physical velocity in all previous small energy results by Ionescu-Pusateri, Alazard-Delort and Ifrim-Tataru is removed.
The gravity water waves equations describe the evolution of the surface of an incompressible, irrotational fluid in the presence of gravity. The classical regularity threshold for the well-posedness of this system requires initial velocity field in $H^s$, with $s > \frac{1}{2} + 1$, and can be obtained by proving standard energy estimates. This threshold was improved by additionally proving Strichartz estimates with loss. In this article, we establish the well-posedness result for $s > \frac{1}{2} + 1 - \frac{1}{8}$, corresponding to proving lossless Strichartz estimates. This provides the sha…
We prove local well-posedness for the gravity water waves equations without surface tension, with initial velocity field in $H^s$, $s > \frac{d}{2} + 1 - μ$, where $μ= \frac{1}{10}$ in the case $d = 1$ and $μ= \frac{1}{5}$ in the case $d \geq 2$, extending previous results of Alazard-Burq-Zuily. The improvement primarily arises in two areas. First, we perform an improved analysis of the regularity of the change of variables from Eulerian to Lagrangian coordinates. Second, we perform a time-interval length optimization of the localized Strichartz estimates.
We study a fundamental model in fluid mechanics--the 3D gravity water wave equation, in which an incompressible fluid occupying half the 3D space flows under its own gravity. In this paper we show long-term regularity of solutions whose initial data is small but not localized. Our results include: almost global wellposedness for unweighted Sobolev initial data and global wellposedness for weighted Sobolev initial data with weight $|x|^α$, for any $α> 0$. In the periodic case, if the initial data lives on an $R$ by $R$ torus, and $ε$ close to the constant solution, then the life span of the sol…
A fundamental question in the study of water waves is the existence and stability of solitary waves. Solitary waves have been proved to exist and have been studied in many interesting situations, and often arise from the balance of different forces/factors influencing the fluid dynamics, e.g. gravity, surface tension or the fluid bottom. However, the existence of solitary waves has remained an open problem in two of the simplest cases, namely for either pure gravity waves or pure capillary waves in infinite depth. In this article we settle both of these questions in two space dimensions. Preci…
We prove the existence and the linear stability of small amplitude time {\it quasi-periodic} standing wave solutions (i.e. periodic and even in the space variable $ x $) of a $ 2 $-dimensional ocean with infinite depth under the action of gravity and surface tension. Such an existence result is obtained for all the values of the surface tension belonging to a Borel set of asymptotically full Lebesgue measure.
The failure of uniform dependence on the data is an interesting property of classical solution for a hyperbolic system. In this paper, we consider the solution map of the Cauchy problem to the 2D viscous shallow water equations which is a hyperbolic-parabolic system. We prove that the solution map of this problem is not uniformly continuous in Sobolev spaces $H^s\times H^{s}$ for $s>2$.
We consider the gravity-capillary water waves problem in a domain $Ω_t \subset \mathbb{T} \times \mathbb{R}$ with substantial geometric features. Namely, we consider a variable bottom, smooth obstacles in the flow and a constant background current. We utilize a vortex sheet model introduced by Ambrose, et. al. in arXiv:2108.01786. We show that the water waves problem is locally-in-time well-posed in this geometric setting and study the lifespan of solutions. We then add a damping term and derive evolution equations that account for the damper. Ultimately, we show that the same well-posedness a…
In this paper we construct periodic capillarity-gravity water waves with an arbitrary bounded vorticity distribution. This is achieved by reexpressing, in the height function formulation of the water wave problem, the boundary condition obtained from Bernoulli's principle as a nonlocal differential equation. This enables us to establish the existence of weak solutions of the problem by using elliptic estimates and bifurcation theory. Secondly, we investigate the a priori regularity of these weak solutions and prove that they are in fact strong solutions of the problem, describing waves with a …
We consider the gravity-capillary water waves equations for a bi-dimensional fluid with a periodic one-dimensional free surface. We prove a rigorous reduction of this system to Birkhoff normal form up to cubic degree. Due to the possible presence of 3-waves resonances for general values of gravity, surface tension and depth, such normal form may be not trivial and exhibit a chaotic dynamics (Wilton-ripples). Nevertheless we prove that for all the values of gravity, surface tension and depth, initial data that are of size $ε$ in a sufficiently smooth Sobolev space lead to a solution that remain…
We prove a long-term regularity result for three-dimensional gravity water waves with small initial data but nonzero initial vorticity. We consider solutions whose vorticity vanishes on the free boundary and use this to derive a system for the evolution of the free boundary which reduces to the Zakharov/Craig-Sulem formulation in the irrotational case. We are able to continue the solution until a time determined by the size of the initial vorticity in such a way that if the vorticity is zero, one recovers a lifespan $T\sim ε^{-N}$ where $N$ can be taken arbitrarily large if the initial data is…
The paper deals with the 2D gravity-capillary water waves equations in their Hamiltonian formulation, addressing the question of the nonlinear interaction of a plane wave with its reflection off a vertical wall. The main result is the construction of small amplitude, standing (namely periodic in time and space, and not travelling) solutions of Sobolev regularity, for almost all values of the surface tension coefficient, and for a large set of time-frequencies. This is an existence result for a quasi-linear, Hamiltonian, reversible system of two autonomous pseudo-PDEs with small divisors. The p…
We describe a family of exact Gerstner type solutions for the geophysical equatorial deep water wave problem in the f-plane approximation. These Gerstner type waves are two-dimensional and travel with constant speed over a uniform horizontal current. The particle paths in the presence and absence of the Coriolis force are also analyzed in dependence of the current strength.
This paper is devoted to the 2D gravity-capillary water waves equations in their Hamiltonian formulation, addressing the general question of proving Morawetz inequalities. We continue the analysis initiated in our previous work, where we have established local energy decay estimates for gravity waves. Here we add surface tension and prove a stronger estimate with a local regularity gain, akin to the smoothing effect for dispersive equations. Our main result holds globally in time and holds for genuinely nonlinear waves, since we are only assuming some very mild uniform Sobolev bounds for the s…
This paper is devoted to the proof of a well-posedness result for the gravity water waves equations, in arbitrary dimension and in fluid domains with general bottoms, when the initial velocity field is not necessarily Lipschitz. Moreover, for two-dimensional waves, we can consider solutions such that the curvature of the initial free surface does not belong to $L^2$. The proof is entirely based on the Eulerian formulation of the water waves equations, using microlocal analysis to obtain sharp Sobolev and Hölder estimates. We first prove tame estimates in Sobolev spaces depending linearly on Hö…
By proving a weighted contraction estimate in uniformly local Sobolev spaces for the flow of gravity water waves, we show that this nonlocal system is in fact pseudo-local in the following sense: locally in time, the dynamic far away from a given bounded region has a small effect on that region (again, in a sense that we will make precise in the article). Our estimate on the flow also implies a new spatial decay property of the waves. To prove this result, we establish a paradifferential calculus theory in uniformly local Sobolev spaces with weights.
We consider the two-dimensional capillary-gravity water waves problem where the free surface $Γ_t$ intersects the bottom $Γ_b$ at two contact points. In our previous works \cite{MW2, MW3}, the local well-posedness for this problem has been proved with the contact angles less than $π/16$. In this paper, we study the case where the contact angles belong to $(0, π/2)$. It involves much worse singularities generated from corresponding elliptic systems, which have a strong influence on the regularities for the free surface and the velocity field. Combining the theory of singularity decompositions f…
We consider in this article the system of (pure) gravity water waves in any dimension and in fluid domains with general bottoms. The unique solvability of the problem was established by Alazard-Burq-Zuily [Invent. Math, 198 (2014), no. 1, 71--163] at a low regularity level where the initial surface is $C^{\frac{3}{2}+}$ in terms of Sobolev embeddings, which allows the existence of free surfaces with unbounded curvature. Our result states that the solutions obtained above depend continuously on initial data in the strong topology where they are constructed. This completes a well-posedness resul…
In this paper, we consider the solution map of the initial value problem to the two-component Camassa-Holm equation on the line. We prove that the solution map of this problem is not uniformly continuous in Sobolev spaces $H^s(\R)\times H^{s-1}(\R)$ for $s>3/2$.
This article concerns the water wave problem in a three-dimensional domain of infinite depth and examines the modulational regime for weakly nonlinear wavetrains. We use the method of normal form transformations near the equilibrium state to provide a new derivation of the Hamiltonian Dysthe equation describing the slow evolution of the wave envelope. A precise calculation of the third-order normal form allows for a refined reconstruction of the free surface. We test our approximation against direct numerical simulations of the three-dimensional Euler system and against predictions from the cl…
In this article, we develop the local Cauchy theory for the gravity water waves system, for rough initial data which do not decay at infinity. We work in the context of $L^2$-based uniformly local Sobolev spaces introduced by Kato. We prove a classical well-posedness result (without loss of derivatives). Our result implies also a local well-posedness result in Hölder spaces (with loss of $d/2$ derivatives). As an illustration, we solve a question raised by Boussinesq on the water waves problem in a canal. We take benefit of an elementary observation to show that the strategy suggested by Bouss…
We consider the Cauchy problem for the 2D gravity water wave equation. Recently Wu \cite{Wu15, Wu18} proved the local well-posedness of the equation in a regime which allows interfaces with angled crests as initial data. In this work we study properties of these singular solutions and prove that the singularities of these solutions are "rigid". More precisely we prove that an initial interface with angled crests remains angled crested, the Euler equation holds point-wise even on the boundary, the particle at the tip stays at the tip, the acceleration at the tip is the one due to gravity and th…
This paper is devoted to the stabilization of the incompressible Euler equation with free surface. We study the damping of two-dimensional gravity waves by an absorbing beach where the water-wave energy is dissipated by using the variations of the external pressure.
Global regularity for 2D gravity water waves with two retreating point vortices
Morningside Center of Mathematics, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)（中国科学院数学与系统科学研究院）；Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan（密歇根大学数学系）
We prove the existence and the linear stability of Cantor families of small amplitude time quasi-periodic standing water wave solutions - namely periodic and even in the space variable x - of a bi-dimensional ocean with finite depth under the action of pure gravity. Such a result holds for all the values of the depth parameter in a Borel set of asymptotically full measure. This is a small divisor problem. The main difficulties are the quasi-linear nature of the gravity water waves equations and the fact that the linear frequencies grow just in a sublinear way at infinity. We overcome these pro…
We prove that the flow map associated to a model equation for surface waves of moderate amplitude in shallow water is not uniformly continuous in the Sobolev space $H^s$ with $s>3/2$. The main idea is to consider two suitable sequences of smooth initial data whose difference converges to zero in $H^s$, but such that neither of them is convergent. Our main theorem shows that the exact solutions corresponding to these sequences of data are uniformly bounded in $H^s$ on a uniform existence interval, but the difference of the two solution sequences is bounded away from zero in $H^s$ at any positiv…
