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arXiv 2301.01065astro-ph.EPastro-ph.SR
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位于边界处的系外行星亚木沙漠:主序星的参数依赖性

Sub-Jovian desert of exoplanets at its boundaries. Parameter dependence along the main sequence

Gyula M. Szabó, Szilárd Kálmán, Luca Borsato, Viola Hegedűs, Szabolcs Mészáros, Róbert Szabó

AI总结:

本研究探究系外行星亚木沙漠的边界特征,通过多维度投影分析揭示其恒星参数与化学元素依赖性,证实辐照驱动大气损失是塑造该分布的主导过程。

摘要:

研究背景:轨道周期$P_{\ m orb}<3$天的亚木行星缺失是星系形成中一个令人困惑的问题,这类系外行星的分布起源目前尚无定论。研究目的:亚木沙漠(又称海王星沙漠)形成的可能解释包含多种假说,这些假说会导致边界呈现不同形状,并预测边界位置与恒星参数之间存在多种依赖关系。研究方法:我们通过多种二维和三维投影方式探究系外行星的分布,揭示了$P_{\ m orb}-M_{P}$(轨道周期-行星质量)和$P_{\ m orb}-R_{P}$(轨道周期-行星半径)参数平面中依赖恒星属性的子结构。研究结果:我们证明,在两个参数平面中,上边界分别包含一类行星,即膨胀热木星和普通热木星。我们证实了该边界对多个恒星参数的依赖性,并基于模糊聚类分析,给出了较小质量行星组和较大质量行星组中这种依赖关系的定量公式。整体的周期-半径分布也显示出化学子结构,边界位置依赖于挥发性元素和α元素,而难熔元素的依赖性则很微弱(甚至不存在)。研究结论:这些发现证实了沙漠形成存在多种合理成因,尤其支持与中等质量行星的辐照驱动大气损失相关的假说,认为这是塑造行星分布的主导过程。

英文摘要:

Context. The lack of sub-Jovian planets on orbits of $P_{\rm orb} < 3$ days is a puzzling aspect of galaxy formation with regard to the distribution of exoplanets whose origins are currently unresolved. Aims. The possible explanations behind the formation of the sub-Jovian or Neptunian desert include several scenarios that can lead to different shapes for the boundary, predicting various dependencies between the position of the boundary and the stellar parameters. Methods. We explored the exoplanet distribution in various 2D and 3D projections, revealing the stellar-dependent substructures in the $P_{\rm orb}-M_{P}$ and the $P_{\rm orb}-R_{P}$ parameter plane. Results. We demonstrate that the upper boundary includes a range of planets, namely, inflated hot Jupiters and normal hot Jupiters, in the two parameter planes, respectively. We confirm the dependence of the boundary on several stellar parameters and, based on a fuzzy clustering analysis, we provide quantitative formulae for the dependencies in groups of smaller and larger planets. The overall period-radius distribution shows chemical substructures as well, with the boundary being dependent on volatiles and alpha-elements, alongside marginal (to none) dependence found for refractory elements. Conclusions. These findings confirm multiple plausible causes for the formation of the desert, particularly preferring those scenarios related to the irradiation-driven loss of the atmospheres of moderately massive planets as the predominant process in shaping planetary distributions.

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