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arXiv 2212.08048cs.CC
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一种适用于小子句密度公式的图 #SAT 算法

A Graphical #SAT Algorithm for Formulae with Small Clause Density

Tuomas Laakkonen, Konstantinos Meichanetzidis, John van de Wetering

AI总结:

本文利用 ZH-演算将 #SAT 推广为带权变体 #SAT+-,实现到 #2SAT+- 的线性时间归约,从而在小子句密度下获得优于 O*(2^n) 的 #SAT 上界,并给出不依赖子句大小及以公式长度表示的新上界。

摘要:

我们利用 ZH-演算(一种最初为推理量子电路而引入的图形语言)研究布尔可满足性问题 #SAT 的计数版本。借助该演算,我们将 #SAT 推广为一种带权变体,称为 #SAT+-,它对 GapP 类是完备的。我们证明存在从 #SAT 到 #2SAT+- 的高效线性时间归约,而此前从 #SAT 到 #2SAT 的归约会使公式规模按多项式因子膨胀。我们的主要概念贡献在于:向 #SAT 引入权重能够实现更高效的翻译,并借此消除了对子句宽度 k 的依赖。我们观察到,针对 #2SAT 的 DPLL 风格算法可以直接适配到 #2SAT+-,因此 #2SAT 的已知最优上界同样适用。应用以变量数表示的 #2SAT 上界,我们得到了以子句数和变量数表示的 #SAT 上界,在子句密度 m/n < 2.25 的小密度情形下优于 O*(2^n),并分别在 k >= 6 和 k >= 4 时改进了此前的平均情形和最坏情形上界。应用以子句数表示的类似上界,我们得到了以公式长度 L 表示的 O*(1.1740^L) 上界。据我们所知,这是首批不依赖于子句大小、以及分别以公式长度表示的 #SAT 非平凡上界。基于 Kutzkov 的一个结果,我们在 1.2577 < m/n <= 7/3 范围内找到了改进的 #3SAT 上界。最后,我们利用该技术得到了以门总数为参数计算量子电路振幅复杂度的上界。我们的结果表明,图形推理即使在量子计算这一演算最初所针对的领域之外,也能带来新的算法洞见。

英文摘要:

We study the counting version of the Boolean satisfiability problem #SAT using the ZH-calculus, a graphical language originally introduced to reason about quantum circuits. Using this, we generalize #SAT to a weighted variant we call #SAT+-, which is complete for the class GapP. We show there is an efficient linear-time reduction from #SAT to #2SAT+-, unlike previous reductions from #SAT to #2SAT which blow up the size of the formula by a polynomial factor. Our main conceptual contribution is that introducing weights to #SAT allows for more efficient translations, and we use this to remove the dependence on clause width k in this case. We observe that DPLL-style algorithms for #2SAT can be adapted to #2SAT+- directly and hence the best-known upper bounds for #2SAT apply. Applying an upper bound for #2SAT in terms of variables gives us upper bounds for #SAT in terms of clauses and variables that are better than O*(2^n) for small clause densities of m/n < 2.25, and improve on previous average-case and worst-case bounds for k >= 6 and k >= 4, respectively. Applying a similar bound in terms of clauses produces a bound of O*(1.1740^L) in terms of the length of the formula. These are, to our knowledge, the first non-trivial upper bounds for #SAT that is independent of clause size, and in terms of formula length, respectively. Based on a result of Kutzkov, we find an improved bound on #3SAT for 1.2577 < m/n <= 7/3. Finally, we use this technique to find an upper bound on the complexity of calculating amplitudes of quantum circuits in terms of the total number of gates. Our results demonstrate that graphical reasoning can lead to new algorithmic insights, even outside the domain of quantum computing that the calculus was intended for.

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