Sub-10 ps time tagging of electromagnetic showers with scintillating glasses and SiPMs
Marco T. Lucchini, Andrea Benaglia, Stefan Gundacker, Jack Illare, Paul Lecoq, Alfred A. Margaryan, Ashot A. Margaryan, Kristof Pauwels, Etiennette Auffray
发表信息：
Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A 1051 (2023) 168214
The high energy physics community has recently identified an $e^+e^-$ Higgs factory as one of the next-generation collider experiments, following the completion of the High Luminosity LHC program at CERN.The moderate radiation levels expected at such colliders compared to hadron colliders, enable the use of less radiation tolerant but cheaper technologies for the construction of the particle detectors. This opportunity has triggered a renewed interest in the development of scintillating glasses for the instrumentation of large detector volumes such as homogeneous calorimeters. While the performance of such scintillators remains typically inferior in terms of light yield and radiation tolerance compared to that of many scintillating crystals, substantial progress has been made over the recent years. In this paper we discuss the time resolution of cerium-doped Alkali Free Fluorophosphate scintillating glasses, read-out with silicon photo-multipliers in detecting single charged tracks and at different positions along the longitudinal development of an electromagnetic shower, using respectively 150~GeV pions and 100~GeV electron beams at the CERN SPS H2 beam line. A single sensor time resolution of 14.4~ps and 5-7~ps was measured respectively in the two cases. With such a performance the present technology has the potential to address an emerging requirement of future detectors at collider experiments: measuring the time-of-flight of single charged particles as well as that of neutral particles showering inside the calorimeter and the time development of showers.
Multiplexed SiPM Readout of Plastic Scintillating Fiber Detector for Muon Tomography
Institute for Advanced Technology, Shandong University（山东大学前沿技术研究院）；Particle Physics Research Center, Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology（山东大学前沿技术研究院粒子物理研究中心）
We present a digital signal processing system based on a photon counting approach which we developed for a thermal neutron detector consisting of ZnS(Ag):6LiF scintillating layers read out with WLS fibers and SiPMs. Three digital filters have been evaluated: a moving sum, a moving sum after differentiation and a digital CR-RC^4 filter. The performances of the detector with these filters are presented. A full analog signal processing using a CR-RC^4 filter has been emulated digitally. The detector performance obtained with this analog approach is compared with the one obtained with the best per…
SiPM non-linearity studies in beam tests with scintillating crystals
Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交大李政道研究所）；Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MOE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology (SKLPPC), Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学粒子天体物理与宇宙学教育部重点实验室/上海粒子物理与宇宙学重点实验室）；Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院高能物理研究所）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）
Measurement of the Time-of-Flight (TOF) of the 511 keV gammas brings an important reduction of statistical noise in the PET image, with higher precision time measurements producing clearer images. Scintillating crystals are used to convert the 511 keV annihilation photon to an electron of ~511 KeV energy via the photoelectric effect; it is necessary to determine with precision the position and time of this conversion within the scintillating crystal. We propose using an array of crystals cut into a specific geometry discussed below; these crystals are read out by an array of strip SiPMs. This …
The light yield, the time resolution and the efficiency of different types of scintillating tiles with direct Silicon Photomultiplier readout and instrumented with a customised front-end electronics have been measured at the Beam Test Facility of Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati and several test stands. The results obtained with different configurations are presented. A time resolution of the order of 300 ps, a light yield of more than 230 photo-electrons, and an efficiency better than 99.8 $\%$ are obtained with $\sim 225$ cm$^2$ large area tiles. This technology is suitable for a wide range …
Silicon photomultiplier arrays - a novel photon detector for a high resolution tracker produced at FBK-irst, Italy
在FBK-irst研制了一个硅光电倍增器（SiPM）阵列，它有32个通道，尺寸为8.0 x 1.1 mm^2。每个250 um宽的通道被细分为5 x 22个矩形排列的像素。这些传感器被开发用于读出模块化高分辨率的光纤跟踪器。关键属性，如击穿电压，增益和光子探测效率（PDE）被发现是均匀的SiPM阵列的所有32个通道。如果噪声特性和PDE得到改善，这可以使具有SiPM阵列读出的光纤跟踪器成为可用跟踪器技术的有希望的替代方案。
The scintillating fiber-SiPM beam monitor detectors, designed to deliver beam informations for the R484 and R582 experiments at the high intensity, low energy pulsed muon beam at the RIKEN-RAL facility, have been successfully constructed and operated. Details on their construction and first performances in beam are reported
We present and discuss the development and performance of a compact scintillating fiber (SciFi) detector for timing to be used in the Mu3e experiment at very high particle rates. The SciFi detector is read out with multichannel silicon photomuiltipliers (SiPM) arrays at both ends to achieve the best timing performance. Mu3e is a new experiment under preparation at the Paul Scherrer Institute to search for charged Lepton Flavor Violation in the rare neutrinoless muon decay mu->eee using the most intense continuous surface muon beam in the world. The Mu3e detector is based on thin high-voltage m…
We compared the performance of a SiPM array and a PMT in a laboratory setting using a single 5.08x5.08-cm cylindrical sodium iodide scintillating crystal. Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are the most commonly used device to monitor scintillating materials for radiation detection purposes. The systems are sometimes limited by disadvantages in the PMTs that may degrade their performance, including temperature dependence and variation with magnetic field. Instrumentation engineering must also contend with a potentially large volume relative to the active scintillator volume, fragility, and high volt…
Future large liquid argon direct dark matter detectors can benefit greatly from an efficient surface background rejection technique. To aid the development of these large scale detectors a test stand, Argon-1, has been constructed at Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada, in the noble liquid detector development lab. It aims to test a novel surface background rejection technique using a thin layer of slow scintillating material at the surface of the vessel. Through pulse-shape discrimination of the slow light from the scintillating layer, events from the surface of the detector can be discrimina…
Characterization of thin optical filters for high purity Cherenkov light readout from scintillating crystals
European Center for Nuclear Research（欧洲核子研究中心）；Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR5306 CNRS ILM（里昂第一大学克洛德·贝尔纳）；Université de Strasbourg, UMR7178 CNRS IPHC（斯特拉斯堡大学）
A gaseous time-projection chamber (TPC) with a reconstructable $z$ coordinate for nuclear recoil tracks has been developed for dark-matter searches and $α$ particle imagings in a low radioactivity background. A TPC with a sheet-resistor field cage shows a potential to detect charge and photons produced by tracks if the sheet resistor has optical transmittance for visible light, and determine a drift length from a time difference between these signals. In this study, an optical transmittance of sheet resistors was measured to be $24.5\pm0.1_{\rm stat}\pm0.6_{\rm syst}\%$ for the $\rm {CF}_4$ ga…
Development of a Li2MoO4 scintillating bolometer for low background physics
我们展示了33 g Li 2 MoO 4晶体作为闪烁测辐射热计的性能。该晶体在安装在Granatori Nazionali del Gran Sasso（意大利）地下实验室的稀释冰箱中测试了400多小时。这种化合物在中子探测、暗物质搜索（太阳轴子）和无中微子双β衰变物理学框架中显示出有前途的特性。利用不同的α、β/γ和中子源研究了低温辐射特性，并首次估算了不同类型相互作用粒子的光产额。该探测器显示出很强的快中子相互作用标记能力和高的本征放射性纯度水平（238-U < 90 \muBq /kg，232-Th < 110 \muBq /kg）。
The measurement of the time of flight of the two 511 keV gammas recorded in coincidence in a PET scanner provides an effective way of reducing the random background and therefore increases the scanner sensitivity, provided that the coincidence resolving time (CRT) of the gammas is sufficiently good. The best commercial PET-TOF system today (based in LYSO crystals and digital SiPMs), is the VEREOS of Philips, boasting a CRT of 316 ps (FWHM). In this paper we present a Monte Carlo investigation of the CRT performance of a PET scanner exploiting the scintillating properties of liquid xenon. We fi…
Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) have become popular light conversion devices in recent years due to their low bias voltage and sensitivity to wavelengths emitted from common scintillating materials. These properties make them particularly attractive for resource-constrained missions such as space-based detector applications. However the space radiation environment is known to be particularly harsh on semiconductor devices, where high particle fluences can degrade performance over time. The radiation hardness of a particular SiPM, manufactured by ON Semiconductor (formally SensL), has yet to b…
To address the challenges of providing high performance calorimetry in future hadron collider experiments under conditions of high luminosity and high radiation (FCChh environments), we are conducting R&D on advanced calorimetry techniques suitable for such operation, based on scintillation and wavelength-shifting technologies and photosensor (SiPM and SiPM-like) technology. In particular, we are focusing our attention on ultra-compact radiation hard EM calorimeters, based on modular structures (RADiCAL modules) consisting of alternating layers of very dense absorber and scintillating plates, …
We describe a novel gaseous detector concept for heavy-ion tracking and imaging: the Optical Parallel-Plate Avalanche Counter (O-PPAC). The detector consists of two thin parallel-plate electrodes separated by a small (typically 3 mm) gap filled with low-pressure scintillating gas (i.e. CF4). The localization of the impinging particles is achieved by recording the secondary scintillation, created during the avalanche processes within the gas gap, with dedicated position-sensitive optical readouts. The latter may comprise arrays of collimated photo-sensors (e.g. SiPMs) that surround the PPAC eff…
A method for energy and radius reconstruction with simulated charge information in a ton-scale liquid scintillator detector like Taishan Antineutrino Observatory
Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院高能物理研究所）；Kaiping Neutrino Research Center（开平中微子研究中心）；Department of Applied Sciences, School of Engineering and Technology, CGC University（CGC大学工程技术学院应用科学系）；TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center（天府宇宙线研究中心）
Study of time and energy resolution of an ultra-compact sampling calorimeter (RADiCAL) module at EM shower maximum over the energy range 25 GeV $\leq$ E $\leq$ 150 GeV
Historical building stability monitoring by means of a cosmic ray tracking system
在海平面上，宇宙射线辐射主要由高能μ子组成，μ子是能够穿过数千米岩石的高度穿透性粒子。宇宙射线辐射是用来研究物质内部结构的第一个射弹源，目前主要用于粒子探测器的测试和校准。宇宙射线辐射在地球表面的普遍存在和稳定性以及高穿透能力促使它在粒子物理学以外的领域，从地质和考古研究到工业应用和民用安全等领域得到利用。在本文件中，宇宙射线μ介子探测技术进行评估，在土木工程领域的稳定性监测应用，特别是静态监测的历史建筑物，其中保护的限制是更严重的，所研究的变形现象的时间演变可能是几个月或几年的顺序。作为一个重要的案例研究，监测的木制拱形屋顶的“Palazzo della Loggia”在布雷西亚镇，在意大利，已被认为是。在所考虑的情况下，通过蒙特卡罗模拟研究了基于宇宙射线跟踪的监测系统的可行性以及性能和局限性，并与更传统的监测系统进行了比较。μ子探测器适合于这种特殊的应用，以及μ子探测器的原型上的一些初步测试的结果的基础上，蒸发光纤和硅光电倍增器SiPM的要求。
