Blake C. Stacey
A recent phase transition in the relational interpretation of quantum mechanics (RQM) is situated in its historical context, and the novelty of the post-transition viewpoint is questioned.
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A recent paper by Mucino, Okon and Sudarsky attempts an assessment of the Relational Interpretation of quantum mechanics. The paper presupposes assumptions that are precisely those questioned in the Relational Interpretation, thus undermining the value of the assessment.
The subjective Bayesian interpretation of quantum mechanics (QBism) and Rovelli's relational interpretation of quantum mechanics (RQM) are both notable for embracing the radical idea that measurement outcomes correspond to events whose occurrence (or not) is relative to an observer. Here we provide a detailed study of their similarities and especially their differences.
What Kind of Relationality does Quantum Mechanics Exhibit?
本文阐述Adlam和Rovelli（2023）提出的关系量子力学方法，指出其填补关系性方法谱系空白，兼具固有性与动力学性，优于正统关系量子力学且能解决部分异议。
A modified version of relational quantum mechanics is developed based on the three following ideas. An observer can develop an internally consistent description of the universe but it will, of necessity, differ in particulars from the description developed by any other observer. The state vector is epistomological and relative to a given quantum system as in the original relational quantum mechanics. If two quantum systems are entangled, they will observe themselves to be in just one of the many states in the Schmidt biorthonormal decomposition and not in a linear combination of many.
Brukner and Pienaar have critiqued the Relational Quantum Mechanics of Rovelli, and together with Di Biagio, the latter has replied. I point out a few places where, in my view, that reply needs clarification.
In this paper we investigate the history of relationalism and its present use in some interpretations of quantum mechanics. In the first part of this article we will provide a conceptual analysis of the relation between substantivalism, relationalism and relativism in the history of both physics and philosophy. In the second part, we will address some relational interpretations of quantum mechanics, namely, Bohr's relational approach, the modal interpretation by Kochen, the perspectival modal version by Bene and Dieks and the relational interpretation by Rovelli. We will argue that all these i…
Understanding the quantum measurement problem is closely associated with understanding wave function collapse. Motivated by Breuer's claim that it is impossible for an observer to distinguish all states of a system in which it is contained, wave function collapse is tied to self observation in the Schmidt biorthonormal decomposition of entangled systems. This approach provides quantum mechanics in general and relational quantum mechanics in particular with a clean, well motivated explanation of the measurement process and wave function collapse.
The term 'locality' is used in different contexts with different meanings. There have been claims that relational quantum mechanics is local, but it is not clear then how it accounts for the effects that go under the usual name of quantum non-locality. The present article shows that the failure of 'locality' in the sense of Bell, once interpreted in the relational framework, reduces to the existence of a common cause in an indeterministic context. In particular, there is no need to appeal to a mysterious space-like influence to understand it.
A recent paper [P. Martin-Dussaud, C. Rovelli, F. Zalamea, arXiv:1806.08150] has given a lucid treatment of Bell's notion of local causality within the framework of the relational interpretation of quantum mechanics. However, the authors went on to conclude that the quantum violation of Bell's notion of local causality is no more surprising than a common cause. Here, I argue that this conclusion is unwarranted by the authors' own analysis. On the contrary, within the framework outlined by the authors, I argue that the implications of the relational interpretation are much more radical.
A critical analysis of `Relative facts do not exist. Relational quantum mechanics is incompatible with quantum mechanics' by Jay Lawrence, Marcin Markiewicz and Marek Źukowski
本文针对J. Lawrence等人基于GHZ非定域性定理批评关系量子力学（RQM）的研究展开分析，指出其主张缺乏依据并推翻了相关结论。
The Rovelli relational interpretation of quantum mechanics (RQM) is based on the assumption according to which the notion of observer-independent state of a physical system is to be rejected. In RQM the primary target of the theory is the analysis of the whole network of relations that may establish among quantum subsystems, and the shift to a relational perspective is supposed to address in a satisfactory way the general problem of the interpretation of quantum mechanics. Here I argue, mainly through an analysis of the so called third person problem, that it is far from clear what a relativiz…
Why does the wavefunction 'collapse' in relational approaches to quantum mechanics?
本文探讨了在关联量子力学中波函数坍缩现象的成因，指出由于参考系无法自描述，导致描述出现不连续性，从而解释了量子事件的出现，并指出量子力学并非完整描述所有物理事实。
The Combination Problem for Relational Quantum Mechanics
该研究以泛心论组合问题文献为参照，分析关系量子力学（RQM）的同类组合问题的异同，评估泛心论解法在RQM中的适配前景，指出带跨视角链接的RQM比正统RQM更有望解决该问题。
Can Alice do science and have friends, in a relational quantum world? Solipsism and Relational Quantum Mechanics
针对关系量子力学可能削弱科学可信度的近期主张，本文进行了批判性讨论，旨在澄清其认识论影响。
Relational quantum mechanics (RQM) is an interpretation of quantum mechanics based on the idea that quantum states describe not an absolute property of a system but rather a relationship between systems. In this article, we observe that there is a tension between RQM's naturalistic emphasis on the physicality of information and the inaccessibility of certain sorts of information in current formulations of RQM. Therefore we propose a new postulate for RQM which requires that all of the information possessed by a certain observer is stored in physical variables of that observer and thus accessib…
An attempt to understand relational quantum mechanics
本文尝试为关系量子力学的核心思想建立数学表述，并概述其公理化重构希尔伯特空间表述的方案。
Relational Quantum Mechanics (RQM) is an interpretation of quantum theory based on the idea of abolishing the notion of absolute states of systems, in favor of states of systems relative to other systems. Such a move is claimed to solve the conceptual problems of standard quantum mechanics. Moreover, RQM has been argued to account for all quantum correlations without invoking non-local effects and, in spite of embracing a fully relational stance, to successfully explain how different observers exchange information. In this work, we carry out a thorough assessment of RQM and its purported achie…
In a recent paper, Rovelli responds to our critical assessment of Relational Quantum Mechanics (RQM). His main argument is that our assessment lacks merit, because we fail to understand, or cope with, the premises of his theory; instead, he argues, we judge his proposal, blinded by the preconceptions inherent to ``our camp''. Here, we explicitly show that our assessment judges RQM on its own terms, together with the basic requirements of precision, clarity, logical soundness and empirical suitability. Under those circumstances, we prove false Rovelli's claim that RQM provides a satisfactory, r…
Quantum theory can be understood as pointing to an ontology of relations. I observe that this reading of quantum mechanics is supported by the ubiquity of relationality in contemporary fundamental physics, including in classical mechanics, gauge theories, general relativity, quantum field theory, and the tentative theories of quantum gravity.
In this comment we answer to the recent critique of our article [arXiv:2208.11793] about Relational Quantum Mechanics (RQM) by Aurélien Drezet [arXiv:2209.01237]. Here we point out that our critical analysis of RQM was precisely based on the most recent formulation of RQM, and that the theses found in the critique are based on neither RQM assumptions nor on our arguments.
This is a short note to answer Brukner's objection [see arXiv:2107.03513] to Rovelli's theory and concerning the preferred basis problem.
Comments on `Comment on Aurélien Drezet's defense of relational quantum mechanics' by Jay Lawrence, Marcin Markiewicz and Marek Źukowski
本文回应了Lawrence等人对作者捍卫关系型量子力学（RQM）工作的评论，驳斥了其分析，并重述先前研究以澄清反驳中遗留的含糊之处。
According to Relational Quantum Mechanics (RQM) the wave function $ψ$ is considered neither a concrete physical item evolving in spacetime, nor an object representing the absolute state of a certain quantum system. In this interpretative framework, $ψ$ is defined as a computational device encoding observers' information; hence, RQM offers a somewhat epistemic view of the wave function. This perspective seems to be at odds with the PBR theorem, a formal result excluding that wave functions represent knowledge of an underlying reality described by some ontic state. In this paper we argue that RQ…
In recent works, Časlav Brukner and Jacques Pienaar have raised interesting objections to the relational interpretation of quantum mechanics. We answer these objections in detail and show that, far from questioning the viability of the interpretation, they sharpen and clarify it.
In this paper I present and defend Rovelli's relation quantum mechanics from some foreseeable objections, so as to clarify its philosophical implications vis a vis rival interpretations. In particular I ask whether RQM presupposes a hidden recourse to both a duality of evolutions and of ontology (the relationality of quantum world and the intrinsicness of the classical world, which in the limit must be recovered from the former). I then concentrate on the pluralistic, antimonistic metaphysical consequences of the theory, due to the impossibility of assigning a state to the quantum universe. Fi…
It is shown that in the Rovelli relational interpretation of quantum mechanics, in which the notion of absolute or observer independent state is rejected, the conclusion of the ordinary EPR argument turns out to be frame-dependent, provided the conditions of the original argument are suitably adapted to the new interpretation. The consequences of this result for the `peaceful coexistence' of quantum mechanics and special relativity are briefly discussed.
The relational interpretation of quantum mechanics (RQM), introduced in its present form by Carlo Rovelli in 1996, involves a number of significant departures from other QM interpretations widely discussed in the literature. We begin here by summarizing these unique RQM features, with a focus on those that suggest altered insights into the nature of the randomness exhibited in QM phenomena. One of these RQM features is the assumption that all objects in the universe are quantum objects, regardless of their material complexity. And, the interaction of any two objects can result in new relationa…
Why I'm not happy with how Relational Quantum Mechanics has addressed the reconstruction of quantum theory, and why you shouldn't be either.
The relational interpretation of quantum mechanics (RQM) has received a growing interest since its first formulation in 1996. Usually presented as an interpretational layer over the usual quantum mechanics formalism, it appears as a philosophical perspective without proper mathematical counterparts. This state of affairs has direct consequences on the scientific debate on RQM which still suffers from misunderstandings and imprecise statements. In an attempt to clarify those debates, the present paper proposes a radical reformulation of the mathematical framework of quantum mechanics which is r…
We study the EPR-type correlations from the perspective of the relational interpretation of quantum mechanics. We argue that these correlations do not entail any form of 'non-locality', when viewed in the context of this interpretation. The abandonment of strict Einstein realism implied by the relational stance permits to reconcile quantum mechanics, completeness, (operationally defined) separability, and locality.
Relational Quantum Mechanics and Probability
本文利用条件概率的严格定义与Gleason定理，证明RQM的Born规则可由前两条公设导出，并解释干涉项与路径可区分性的关系。
Are All Events Created At-Once in Relational Quantum Mechanics?
本文反驳了Adlam和Rovelli关于关系量子力学中事件必须一次性产生的观点，证明在非绝对事件观及跨视角关联公设下，事件仍可在时间上生成。
Statistical mechanics from relational complex time with a pure state
本研究提出无需熵最大化或状态计数，仅通过系统与环境最大纠缠纯态的关系复时间演化，即可导出系统的正则密度矩阵，为统计力学提供新的纯态基础。
In this paper we consider the notion of quantum entanglement from the perspective of the logos categorical approach [26, 27]. Firstly, we will argue that the widespread distinctions, on the one hand, between pure states and mixed states, and on the other, between separable states and entangled states, are completely superfluous when considering the orthodox mathematical formalism of QM. We will then argue that the introduction of these distinctions within the theory of quanta is due to another two completely unjustified metaphysical presuppositions, namely, the idea that there is a "collapse" …
Relational formulation of quantum mechanics is based on the idea that relational properties among quantum systems, instead of the independent properties of a quantum system, are the most fundamental elements to construct quantum mechanics. In a recent paper (J. M. Yang, Sci. Rep. 8:13305, 2018), basic relational quantum mechanics framework is formulated to derive quantum probability, Born's Rule, Schrödinger Equations, and measurement theory. This paper further extends the reformulation effort in three aspects. First, it gives a clearer explanation of the key concepts behind the framework to c…
Relational Quantum Mechanics is Still Incompatible with Quantum Mechanics
本文回应了CDR对作者先前研究的批评，通过在GHZ态上的Wigner-Friend型顺序测量场景，重申了关系量子力学的相对事实概念与量子力学不相容，并指出该批评无效且引发原则性问题。
We propose that observables in quantum theory are properly understood as representatives of symmetry-invariant quantities relating one system to another, the latter to be called a reference system. We provide a rigorous mathematical language to introduce and study quantum reference systems, showing that the orthodox "absolute" quantities are good representatives of observable relative quantities if the reference state is suitably localised. We use this relational formalism to critique the literature on the relationship between reference frames and superselection rules, settling a long-standing…
Non-relativistic quantum mechanics is reformulated here based on the idea that relational properties among quantum systems, instead of the independent properties of a quantum system, are the most fundamental elements to construct quantum mechanics. This idea, combining with the emphasis that measurement of a quantum system is a bidirectional interaction process, leads to a new framework to calculate the probability of an outcome when measuring a quantum system. In this framework, the most basic variable is the relational probability amplitude. Probability is calculated as summation of weights …
Relational Quantum Mechanics, Quantum Relativism, and the Iteration of Relativity
本文以关系量子力学为案例，探讨量子相对主义中被忽视的相对性迭代问题，指出关系量子力学承诺无限制迭代原则，该原则虽能保障交互结果的可交流性与一致性，但与关系量子力学的保守解读不兼容，需采用视角事实概念，并反思了相关研究现状与发展方向。
We propose a discrete path integral formalism over graphs fundamental to quantum mechanics (QM) based on our interpretation of QM called Relational Blockworld (RBW). In our approach, the transition amplitude is not viewed as a sum over all field configurations, but is a mathematical machine for measuring the symmetry of the discrete differential operator and source vector of the discrete action. Therefore, we restrict the path integral to the row space of the discrete differential operator, which also contains the discrete source vector, in order to avoid singularities. In this fashion we obta…
Relational mechanics is a reformulation of mechanics (classical or quantum) for which space is relational. This means that the configuration of an $N$-particle system is a shape, which is what remains when the effects of rotations, translations, and dilations are quotiented out. This reformulation of mechanics naturally leads to a relational notion of time as well, in which a history of the universe is just a curve in shape space without any reference to a special parametrization of the curve given by an absolute Newtonian time. When relational mechanics (classical or quantum) is regarded as f…
Up to now it has been impossible to find a realistic interpretation for the reduction process in relativistic quantum mechanics. The basic problem is the dependence of the states on the frame within which collapse takes place. A suitable use of the causal structure of the devices involved in the measurement process allows us to introduce a covariant notion for the collapse of quantum states.
The use of real clocks and measuring rods in quantum mechanics implies a natural loss of unitarity in the description of the theory. We briefly review this point and then discuss the implications it has for the measurement problem in quantum mechanics. The intrinsic loss of coherence allows to circumvent some of the usual objections to the measurement process as due to environmental decoherence.
QBism and relational interpretation of quantum mechanics from the point of view of a contextual quantum realism (CQR)
本文提出语境量子实在论（CQR），区分理想与实在，并批判QBism与关系量子力学混淆二者、隐含反实在论，CQR拒绝将实在还原为客观性。
Relative Facts of Relational Quantum Mechanics are Incompatible with Quantum Mechanics
本文指出关系型量子力学（RQM）中无退相干的相对事实与量子理论不相容，通过推导类似GHZ的矛盾证明RQM不满足Born规则，因此不应被视为量子理论的诠释。
Relational quantum mechanics (RQM) proposes an ontology of relations between physical systems, where any system can serve as an `observer' and any physical interaction between systems counts as a `measurement'. Quantities take unique values spontaneously in these interactions, and the occurrence of such `quantum events' is strictly relative to the observing system, making them `relative facts'. The quantum state represents the objective information that one system has about another by virtue of correlations between their physical variables. The ontology of RQM thereby strives to uphold the uni…
Entropic Dynamics approach to Relational Quantum Mechanics
本文利用熵动力学框架，从概率、熵与信息几何原理构建部分关系性的非相对论量子模型，提出适配量子相空间的状态失配测度，并将关系性约束施加于期望值，从而规避量子引力中的时间问题。
The relational interpretation (or RQM, for Relational Quantum Mechanics) solves the measurement problem by considering an ontology of sparse relative events, or "facts". Facts are realized in interactions between any two physical systems and are relative to these systems. RQM's technical core is the realisation that quantum transition amplitudes determine physical probabilities only when their arguments are facts relative to the same system. The relativity of facts can be neglected in the approximation where decoherence hides interference, thus making facts approximately stable.
Quantum measurement and quantum operation theory is developed here by taking the relational properties among quantum systems, instead of the independent properties of a quantum system, as the most fundamental elements. By studying how the relational probability amplitude matrix is transformed and how mutual information is exchanged during measurement, we derive the formulation that is mathematically equivalent to the traditional quantum measurement theory. More importantly, the formulation results in significant conceptual consequences. We show that for a given quantum system, it is possible t…
Relational Quantum Mechanics and Contextuality
该研究探讨关系量子力学中的稳定事实问题，提出可将一致历史形式体系的数学框架纳入关系量子力学，同时明确二者诠释差异，并讨论了狭义相对论与关系量子力学的异同及跨视角链接修正方案。
Relational Quantum Mechanics with Cross-Perspective Links Postulate: an Internally Inconsistent Scheme
本文研究了RQM引入跨视角链接公设后，相对事实转变为隐变量并导致公理间冲突，证明该修正方案是内部不一致的隐变量理论，不能作为量子力学的解释。
Consciousness, Quantum Mechanics, and the Limits of Scientific Objectivism
本文探讨意识与量子力学如何挑战科学的客观主义世界观，提出三种非客观主义回应：关系主义、碎片主义和多主观世界理论。
Students Alice and Bob take an examination in their quantum mechanics class, and thereby illustrate some aspects of energy decoherence.
Beyond relationalism in quantum theory: A new indeterminacy-based interpretation of quantum theory
本文提出EnDQT诠释，通过非关系性的确定值与不确定值说明来替代关系主义，在保持幺正非隐变量量子理论的同时解释维格纳朋友场景，并为贝尔关联提供局域因果解释。
I suggest that the common unease with taking quantum mechanics as a fundamental description of nature (the "measurement problem") could derive from the use of an incorrect notion, as the unease with the Lorentz transformations before Einstein derived from the notion of observer-independent time. I suggest that this incorrect notion is the notion of observer-independent state of a system (or observer-independent values of physical quantities). I reformulate the problem of the "interpretation of quantum mechanics" as the problem of deriving the formalism from a few simple physical postulates. I …
We present a spacetime setting for non-relativistic quantum mechanics that deflates "quantum mysteries" and relates non-relativistic quantum mechanics to special relativity. This is achieved by assuming spacetime symmetries are fundamental in a blockworld setting, i.e., by interpreting spacetime relations as fundamental to relata. To justify this Relational Blockworld (RBW), we adopt a result due to G. Kaiser whereby the relativity of simultaneity, stemming from the Poincare algebra of special relativity, is responsible for the canonical commutation relations of non-relativistic quantum mechan…
We suggest a contextual realist interpretation of relational quantum mechanics. The principal point is a correct understanding of the concept of reality and taking into account the categorical distinction between the ideal and the real. Within our interpretation, consciousness of the observer does not play any metaphysical role. The proposed approach can also be understood as a return to the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, corrected within the framework of contextual realism. The contextual realism allows one to get rid of the metaphysical problems encountered by various interp…
Relational bundle geometric formulation of non-relativistic quantum mechanics
本文提出非相对论多粒子量子力学的束几何表述，通过将波函数视为配置时空上的复值cocyclic张量0-形式，并基于协变导数推导薛定谔方程，同时利用动作函数提供平坦的cocyclic连接1-形式，从而实现一种几何化的量子力学路径积分。
On "agential realism" and ontology of quantum mechanics
本文指出Barad的行动实在论是本体论相关主义而非实在论，对量子力学的阐释有误且不适用于社会理论，提出拒斥实体二元论但接受范畴二元论的语境化量子实在论，可修正相关量子力学理论。
The Quantum Measurement Problem is arguably one of the most debated issues in the philosophy of Quantum Mechanics, since it represents not only a technical difficulty for the standard formulation of the theory, but also a source of interpretational disputes concerning the meaning of the quantum postulates. Another conundrum intimately connected with the QMP is the Wigner friend paradox, a thought experiment underlining the incoherence between the two dynamical laws governing the behavior of quantum systems, i.e the Schrödinger equation and the projection rule. Thus, every alternative interpret…
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