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arXiv 2210.01544astro-ph.SRastro-ph.HE
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利用NuSTAR首次观测宁静太阳的硬X射线特征

The First Survey of Quiet Sun Features Observed in Hard X-Rays With NuSTAR

Sarah Paterson, Iain G. Hannah, Brian W. Grefenstette, Hugh Hudson, Säm Krucker, Lindsay Glesener, Stephen M. White, David M. Smith

摘要:

我们提出了第一次调查安静的太阳功能观察到的硬X射线(HXR),使用核光谱望远镜ARray(NuSTAR),HXR聚焦光学望远镜。最近的太阳极小期与NuSTAR的高灵敏度相结合,为在安静的太阳中对一系列特征进行首次HXR成像光谱提供了一个独特的机会。通过研究这些特征的HXR发射,我们可以检测或限制高温(>5 MK)或非热源的存在,以帮助了解它们如何与更大的更高能的太阳现象相关,并确定它们对加热太阳大气的贡献。我们报告了在2018年9月28日NuSTAR全磁盘安静太阳马赛克中观察到的几个特征,这是NuSTAR安静太阳观测活动的第一个,其中主要包括X射线亮点的稳定特征和后来演变为活跃区域的新兴通量区域,以及短暂的喷流。我们发现,特征的HXR光谱很好地符合等温模型,温度范围在2.0-3.2 MK之间。将NuSTAR数据与来自Hinode/XRT的较软X射线发射和来自SDO/AIA的EUV相结合,我们恢复了差分发射测量,确认了4 MK以上的少量显著发射。NuSTAR HXR光谱允许我们限制可能的非热发射,这仍然与零HXR检测一致。我们发现,只有一个功能(射流)是有一个潜在的非热上限能够供电加热观察。然而,即使在这里,非热电子分布必须非常陡峭(有效地单能量),具有3-4 keV之间的低能量截止。因此,在2018年9月的数据中发现的典型安静太阳特征中的较高温度或非热源非常微弱,如果存在的话。

英文摘要:

We present the first survey of quiet Sun features observed in hard X-rays (HXRs), using the the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope ARray (NuSTAR), a HXR focusing optics telescope. The recent solar minimum combined with NuSTAR's high sensitivity has presented a unique opportunity to perform the first HXR imaging spectroscopy on a range of features in the quiet Sun. By studying the HXR emission of these features we can detect or constrain the presence of high temperature (>5 MK) or non-thermal sources, to help understand how they relate to larger more energetic solar phenomena, and determine their contribution to heating the solar atmosphere. We report on several features observed in the 28 September 2018 NuSTAR full-disk quiet Sun mosaics, the first of the NuSTAR quiet Sun observing campaigns, which mostly include steady features of X-ray bright points and an emerging flux region which later evolved into an active region, as well as a short-lived jet. We find that the features' HXR spectra are well fitted with isothermal models with temperatures ranging between 2.0-3.2 MK. Combining the NuSTAR data with softer X-ray emission from Hinode/XRT and EUV from SDO/AIA we recover the differential emission measures, confirming little significant emission above 4 MK. The NuSTAR HXR spectra allow us to constrain the possible non-thermal emission that would still be consistent with a null HXR detection. We found that for only one of the features (the jet) was there a potential non-thermal upper limit capable of powering the heating observed. However, even here the non-thermal electron distribution had to be very steep (effectively mono-energetic) with a low energy cut-off between 3-4 keV. The higher temperature or non-thermal sources in the typical quiet Sun features found in this September 2018 data are therefore found to be very weak, if present at all.

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