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arXiv 2208.07367cond-mat.str-elhep-thmath-phmath.MPmath.QAquant-ph
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(3+1)D拓扑相中的余维数-2缺陷与高阶对称性

Codimension-2 defects and higher symmetries in (3+1)D topological phases

Maissam Barkeshli, Yu-An Chen, Sheng-Jie Huang, Ryohei Kobayashi, Nathanan Tantivasadakarn, Guanyu Zhu

AI总结:

本文研究了(3+1)D拓扑相中的余维数-2拓扑缺陷(扭转弦),通过多种构造方法探讨了其在不同规范理论中的特性,揭示了其与磁通环交汇定义的高阶对称性及3-群结构。

摘要:

(3+1)D物质的拓扑相可以容纳一大类余维数-1、2和3的非平凡拓扑缺陷,其中著名的点电荷和磁通环是特例。这些缺陷的完整代数结构定义了一个高阶范畴,并可被视为一种演生的高阶对称性。这在物质相分类以及拓扑量子纠错码中可能的容错逻辑操作中起着至关重要的作用。在本文中,我们从不同视角研究了此类高余维数缺陷的几个例子。我们主要研究了一类可逆的余维数-2拓扑缺陷,我们将其称为扭转弦。我们通过规范低维可逆相、层构造和凝聚缺陷,提供了扭转弦的多种一般构造。我们在带有费米子电荷的$\mathbb{Z}_2$规范理论、带有玻色子电荷的$\mathbb{Z}_2 \times \mathbb{Z}_2$规范理论,以及基于二面体群($D_n$)和交错群($A_6$)的非阿贝尔离散规范理论背景下,研究了一些特例。扭转弦与阿贝尔磁通环的交汇处会源出阿贝尔点电荷,这定义了一个$H^4$上同调类,表征了拓扑序底层3-群对称性的一部分。针对各种情况,我们显式写出了涉及3-群对称性背景规范场的方程。我们还研究了扭转弦与非阿贝尔磁通环相互作用的例子(定义了非可逆高阶对称性的一部分)、非可逆余维数-2缺陷的例子,以及余维数-2缺陷与余维数-1缺陷相互作用的例子。我们还在(3+1)D $A_6$规范理论中发现了一个几何的、非完全拓扑的扭转弦例子。

英文摘要:

(3+1)D topological phases of matter can host a broad class of non-trivial topological defects of codimension-1, 2, and 3, of which the well-known point charges and flux loops are special cases. The complete algebraic structure of these defects defines a higher category, and can be viewed as an emergent higher symmetry. This plays a crucial role both in the classification of phases of matter and the possible fault-tolerant logical operations in topological quantum error correcting codes. In this paper, we study several examples of such higher codimension defects from distinct perspectives. We mainly study a class of invertible codimension-2 topological defects, which we refer to as twist strings. We provide a number of general constructions for twist strings, in terms of gauging lower dimensional invertible phases, layer constructions, and condensation defects. We study some special examples in the context of $\mathbb{Z}_2$ gauge theory with fermionic charges, in $\mathbb{Z}_2 \times \mathbb{Z}_2$ gauge theory with bosonic charges, and also in non-Abelian discrete gauge theories based on dihedral ($D_n$) and alternating ($A_6$) groups. The intersection between twist strings and Abelian flux loops sources Abelian point charges, which defines an $H^4$ cohomology class that characterizes part of an underlying 3-group symmetry of the topological order. The equations involving background gauge fields for the 3-group symmetry have been explicitly written down for various cases. We also study examples of twist strings interacting with non-Abelian flux loops (defining part of a non-invertible higher symmetry), examples of non-invertible codimension-2 defects, and examples of interplay of codimension-2 defects with codimension-1 defects. We also find an example of geometric, not fully topological, twist strings in (3+1)D $A_6$ gauge theory.

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