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arXiv 2208.03395astro-ph.SRastro-ph.GA
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所有低质量恒星都经历了额外的混合过程吗?

Do All Low-Mass Stars Undergo Extra Mixing Processes?

Dana S. Balser, Trey V. Wenger, T. M. Bania

摘要:

标准的恒星演化模型只将对流视为恒星内部物质混合的物理过程,预测在低质量恒星(M < 2 Msun)中会产生大量的3 He,峰值丰度为3 He/H ~几个x 10-3。在银河系的整个生命周期中,这应该会产生3 He/H丰度,随着银心半径的增加而减少。然而,在整个银盘的HII区域中对3 He+的观测显示,3 He丰度的变化非常小,3 He/H的值与原基丰度(3 He/H)p ~ 10-5相似。这种差异,被称为“3 He问题”,可以解决调用恒星演化模型的额外混合机制,由于热盐不稳定性。在这里,我们用Jansky甚大阵(JVLA)观测了行星状星云J320(PN G190.3-17.7)中的3 He+,以确认之前用VLA进行的3 He+探测,该探测支持标准恒星产额。仅这一测量就表明,并非所有的恒星都经历了额外的混合。我们更敏感的观测没有检测到3 He+发射从J320与58.8 microJy/束的RMS噪声后,平滑的数据,速度分辨率为11.4公里/秒。我们用数值辐射转移程序NEBERO估算了~ 3 He/H的丰度极限为2.75 × 10 ~(-3)。这一结果使PN中最后一次重要的3 He+探测无效,并允许所有恒星都经历额外的混合过程。

英文摘要:

Standard stellar evolution models that only consider convection as a physical process to mix material inside of stars predict the production of significant amounts of 3He in low-mass stars (M < 2 Msun), with peak abundances of 3He/H ~ few x 10-3 by number. Over the life-time of the Galaxy, this ought to produce 3He/H abundances that diminish with increasing Galactocentric radius. Observations of 3He+ in HII regions throughout the Galactic disk, however, reveal very little variation in the 3He abundance with values of 3He/H similar to the primoridal abundance, (3He/H)p ~ 10-5 . This discrepancy, known as the "3He Problem", can be resolved by invoking in stellar evolution models an extra-mixing mechanism due to the thermohaline instability. Here, we observe 3He+ in the planetary nebula J320 (PN G190.3-17.7) with the Jansky Very Large Array (JVLA) to confirm a previous 3He+ detection made with the VLA that supports standard stellar yields. This measurement alone indicates that not all stars undergo extra mixing. Our more sensitive observations do not detect 3He+ emission from J320 with an RMS noise of 58.8 microJy/beam after smoothing the data to a velocity resolution of 11.4 km/s . We estimate an abundance limit of 3He/H <= 2.75 x 10-3 by number using the numerical radiative transfer code NEBULA. This result nullifies the last significant detection of 3He+ in a PN and allows for the possibility that all stars undergo extra mixing processes.

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