本文证明对形如$H \wr \langle t \rangle$（顶群无限循环）的受限圈积，无论生成集如何选择，其交换度恒为零，推广了Cox关于灯架群的结果，并给出了基群像密度为零的推广结论。
摘要：
有限群的交换度是指两个均匀随机选取的元素可交换的概率。这一概念自然地推广到有限生成群$G$：给定有限生成集$S$，交换度$\text{dc}_S(G)$是通过考虑在Cayley图$\mathcal{C}(G,S)$中围绕$1_G$的递增球内可交换元素对的占比而得到的。我们关注受限圈积$G = H \wr \langle t \rangle$，其中$H \ne 1$是有限生成的，顶群$\langle t \rangle$是无限循环群。根据一个更一般的猜想，我们证明对于这样的群$G$，无论$S$如何选择，都有$\text{dc}_S(G) = 0$。这推广了Cox关于灯架群在特定类型生成集下的结果。我们还推导了Cox主要辅助结果的一个推广：在上述圈积$G$的“足够大”的同态像中，基群的像在特定类型的生成集下具有密度零。
英文摘要：
The degree of commutativity of a finite group is the probability that two uniformly and randomly chosen elements commute. This notion extends naturally to finitely generated groups $G$: the degree of commutativity $\text{dc}_S(G)$, with respect to a given finite generating set $S$, results from considering the fractions of commuting pairs of elements in increasing balls around $1_G$ in the Cayley graph $\mathcal{C}(G,S)$. We focus on restricted wreath products the form $G = H \wr \langle t \rangle$, where $H \ne 1$ is finitely generated and the top group $\langle t \rangle$ is infinite cyclic. In accordance with a more general conjecture, we show that $\text{dc}_S(G) = 0$ for such groups $G$, regardless of the choice of $S$.
This extends results of Cox who considered lamplighter groups with respect to certain kinds of generating sets. We also derive a generalisation of Cox's main auxiliary result: in `reasonably large' homomorphic images of wreath products $G$ as above, the image of the base group has density zero, with respect to certain types of generating sets.
We extend work of the first author and Khoussainov to show that being Cayley automatic is closed under taking the restricted wreath product with a virtually infinite cyclic group. This adds to the list of known examples of Cayley automatic groups.
We study the effects of subgroup distortion in the wreath products A wr Z, where A is finitely generated abelian. We show that every finitely generated subgroup of A wr Z has distortion function equivalent to some polynomial. Moreover, for A infinite, and for any polynomial l^k, there is a 2-generated subgroup of A wr Z having distortion function equivalent to the given polynomial. Also a formula for the length of elements in arbitrary wreath product H wr G easily shows that the group Z_2 wr Z^2 has distorted subgroups, while the lamplighter group Z_2 wr Z has no distorted (finitely generated)…
The degree of commutativity of a group $G$ measures the probability of choosing two elements in $G$ which commute. There are many results studying this for finite groups. In [AMV17], this was generalised to infinite groups. In this note, we compute the degree of commutativity for wreath products of the form $\mathbb{Z}\wr \mathbb{Z}$ and $F\wr \mathbb{Z}$ where $F$ is any finite group.
In this paper we introduce and study the relative cyclic subgroup commutativity degrees of a finite group. We show that there is a finite group with $n$ such degrees for all $n \in \mathbb{N}^*\setminus \lbrace 2\rbrace$ and we indicate some classes of finite groups with few relative cyclic subgroup commutativity degrees. Using this new concept, we are able to show that the set containing all cyclic subgroup commutativity degrees of finite groups is not dense in $[0, 1]$.
In this paper we introduce and study the concept of cyclic subgroup commutativity degree of a finite group $G$. This quantity measures the probability of two random cyclic subgroups of $G$ commuting. Explicit formulas are obtained for some particular classes of groups. A criterion for a finite group to be an Iwasawa group is also presented.
For a non-cyclic finite group $X$ let $σ(X)$ be the least number of proper subgroups of $X$ whose union is $X$. Precise formulas or estimates are given for $σ(S \wr C_{m})$ for certain nonabelian finite simple groups $S$ where $C_m$ is a cyclic group of order $m$.
We give a partial solution a question of Grigorchuk, Nekrashevych, Sushchanskii and Šunik by giving an algorithm to test whether a finite state element of an infinite iterated (permutational) wreath product $\hat G = \mathbb Z/k\mathbb Z\wr \mathbb Z/k\mathbb Z\wr \mathbb Z/k\mathbb Z\wr >...$ of cyclic groups of order $n$ acts spherically transitively. We can also decide whether two finite state spherically transitive elements of $\hat G$ are conjugate. For general infinite iterated wreath products, an algorithm is presented to determine whether two finite state automorphisms have the same im…
Given a quasi-monomial, respectively an almost monomial, group $A$ and a cyclic group $C$ of prime order $p>0$, we show that the wreath product $W=A\wr C$ is quasi-monomial (respectively almost monomial), if certain technical conditions hold.
The generalized wreath product of permutation groups is introduced. By means of it we study the schurity problem for S-rings over a cyclic group $G$ and the automorphism groups of them. Criteria for the schurity and non-schurity of the generalized wreath product of two such S-rings are obtained. As a byproduct of the developed theory we prove that $G$ is a Schur group whenever the total number $Ω(n)$ of prime factors of the integer $n=|G|$ is at most 3. Moreover, we describe the structure of a non-schurian S-ring over $G$ when $Ω(n)=4$. The latter result implies in particular that if $n=p^3q$ …
This paper investigate bounds of the commutator width \cite {Mur} of a wreath product of two groups. The commutator width of direct limit of wreath product of cyclic groups are found. For given a permutational wreath product sequence of cyclic groups we investigate its commutator width and some properties of its commutator subgroup. It was proven that the commutator width of an arbitrary element of the wreath product of cyclic groups $C_{p_i}, \, p_i\in \mathbb{N} $ equals to 1. As a corollary, it is shown that the commutator width of Sylows $p$-subgroups of symmetric and alternating groups $p…
W. Haebich (1977, Journal of Algebra {\bf 44}, 420-433) presented some formulas for the Schur multiplier of a semidirect product and also a verbal wreath product of two groups. The author (1997, Indag. Math., (N.S.), {\bf 8}({\bf 4}), 529-535) generalized a theorem of W. Haebich to the Baer invariant of a semidirect product of two groups with respect to the variety of nilpotent groups of class at most $c\geq 1,\ {\cal N}_c$. In this paper, first, it is shown that ${\cal V}M(B)$ and ${\cal V}M(A)$ are direct factors of ${\cal V}M(G)$, where $G=B\rhd<A$ is the semidirect product of a normal subg…
In this paper we study probabilistic aspects such as subgroup commutativity degree and cyclic subgroup commutativity degree of the (generalized) dicyclic groups. We find explicit formulas for these concepts and we provide another example of a class of groups whose (cyclic) subgroup commutativity degree vanishes asymptotically.
The size of minimal generating set for commutator of Sylow 2-subgroup of alternating group was found. Given a permutational wreath product of finite cyclic groups sequence we prove that the commutator width of such groups is 1 and we research some properties of its commutator subgroup. It was shown that $(Syl_2 A_{2^k})^2 = Syl'_2 (A_{2^k}), \, k>2$. A new approach to presentation of Sylow 2-subgroups of alternating group ${A_{2^{k}}}$ was applied. As a result the short proof that the commutator width of Sylow 2-subgroups of alternating group ${A_{2^{k}}}$, permutation group ${S_{2^{k}}}$ and …
In this paper we study probabilistic aspects such as (cyclic) subgroup commutativity degree and (cyclic) factorization number of ZM-groups. We show that these quantities can be computed using the sizes of the conjugacy classes of these groups. In the end, we point out a class of groups whose (cyclic) subgroup commutativity degree vanishes asymptotically.
The covering number of a finite group $G$, denoted $σ(G)$, is the smallest positive integer $k$ such that $G$ is a union of $k$ proper subgroups. We calculate $σ(G)$ for a family of primitive groups $G$ with a unique minimal normal subgroup $N$, isomorphic to $A_n^m$ with $n$ divisible by $6$ and $G/N$ cyclic. This is a generalization of a result of E. Swartz concerning the symmetric groups. We also prove an asymptotic result concerning pairwise generation.
Given a permutational wreath product sequence of cyclic groups we investigate its minimal generating set, minimal generating set for its commutator and some properties of its commutator subgroup. We strengthen the result of author \cite{SkVC, SkMal, SkAr} and construct minimal generating set for wreath product of finite and infinite cyclic groups and direct product of such groups. We generalize results of Meldrum about commutator subgroup of wreath product \cite{Meld} because we take in consideration as regular wreath product as well as no regular (where active group $\mathcal{A}$ can acts not…
Let $A$ be a nilpotent $p$-group of finite exponent, and $B$ be an abelian $p$-groups of finite exponent. Then the wreath product $A {\rm Wr} B$ generates the variety ${\rm var}(A) {\rm var}(B)$ if and only if the group $B$ contains a subgroup isomorphic to the direct product $C_{p^v}^\infty$ of at least countably many copies of the cyclic group $C_{p^v}$ of order $p^v = \exp{(B)}$. The obtained theorem continues our previous study of cases when ${\rm var}(A {\rm Wr} B ) = {\rm var}(A){\rm var}(B)$ holds for some other classes of groups $A$ and $B$ (abelian groups, finite groups, etc.).
A groupoid identity is said to be linear of length $2k$ if the same $k$ variables appear on both sides of the identity exactly once. We classify and count all varieties of groupoids defined by a single linear identity. For $k=3$, there are 14 nontrivial varieties and they are in the most general position with respect to inclusion. Hentzel et. al. showed that the linear identity $(xy)z = y(zx)$ implies commutativity and associativity in all products of at least 5 factors. We complete their project by showing that no other linear identity of any length behaves this way, and by showing how the id…
We study generalisations of conjugacy separability in restricted wreath products of groups. We provide an effective upper bound for $\mathcal{C}$-conjugacy separability of a wreath product $A \wr B$ in terms of the $\mathcal{C}$-conjugacy separability of $A$ and $B$, the growth of $\mathcal{C}$-cyclic subgroup separability of $B$, and the $\mathcal{C}$-residual girth of $B.$ As an application, we provide a characterisation of when $A \wr B$ is $p$-conjugacy separable. We use this characterisation to the provide for each prime $p$ an example of wreath products with infinite base group that are …
In this article, we examine how the structure of soluble groups of infinite torsion-free rank with no section isomorphic to the wreath product of two infinite cyclic groups can be analysed. As a corollary, we obtain that if a finitely generated soluble group has a defined Krull dimension and has no sections isomorphic to the wreath product of two infinite cyclic groups then it is a group of finite torsion-free rank. There are further corollaries including applications to return probabilities for random walks. The paper concludes with constructions of examples that can be compared with recent c…
We show that the conjugacy problem in a wreath product $A \wr B$ is uniform-$\mathsf{TC}^0$-Turing-reducible to the conjugacy problem in the factors $A$ and $B$ and the power problem in $B$. If $B$ is torsion free, the power problem for $B$ can be replaced by the slightly weaker cyclic submonoid membership problem for $B$. Moreover, if $A$ is abelian, the cyclic subgroup membership problem suffices, which itself is uniform-$\mathsf{AC}^0$-many-one-reducible to the conjugacy problem in $A \wr B$. Furthermore, under certain natural conditions, we give a uniform $\mathsf{TC}^0$ Turing reduction f…
In 1997 Clarke et al. studied a $q$-analogue of Euler's difference table for $n!$ using a key bijection $Ψ$ on symmetric groups. In this paper we extend their results to the wreath product of a cyclic group with the symmetric group. In particular we obtain a new mahonian statistic \emph{fmaf} on wreath products. We also show that Foata and Han's two recent transformations on the symmetric groups provide indeed a factorization of $Ψ$.
We show that any group $G$ with a non-$FSZ_m$ quotient by a central cyclic subgroup also provides a non-$FSZ_m$ group of order $m|G|$ obtained as a central product of $G$ with a cyclic group. We then construct, for every prime $p>3$ and $j\in\mathbb{N}$, an $FSZ_{p^j}$ group $F$ such that there is a central cyclic subgroup $A$ with $F/A$ not $FSZ_{p^j}$. We apply these results to regular wreath products to construct an $FSZ$ $p$-group which is not $FSZ^+$ for any prime $p>3$. These give the first known examples of $FSZ$ groups that are not $FSZ^+$. We are also able to prove a few partial resul…
In the present paper, for a pair $(G,N)$ of a group $G$ and its normal subgroup $N$, we consider the mixed commutator length $\mathrm{cl}_{G,N}$ on the mixed commutator subgroup $[G,N]$. We focus on the setting of wreath products: $ (G,N)=(\mathbb{Z}\wr Γ, \bigoplus_Γ\mathbb{Z})$. Then we determine mixed commutator lengths in terms of the general rank in the sense of Malcev. As a byproduct, when an abelian group $Γ$ is not locally cyclic, the ordinary commutator length $\mathrm{cl}_G$ does not coincide with $\mathrm{cl}_{G,N}$ on $[G,N]$ for the above pair. On the other hand, we prove that if …
Let $K$ be field of characteristic 2 and let $G$ be a finite non-abelian 2-group with the cyclic derived subgroup $G'$, and there exists a central element $z$ of order 2 in $Z(G) \backslash G'$. We prove that the unit group of the group algebra $KG$ possesses a section isomorphic to the wreath product of a group of order 2 with the derived subgroup of the group $G$, giving for such groups a positive answer to the question of A. Shalev.
Let $G_{p,d}$ be the restricted wreath product $C_{p} wr C^{d}$ where $C_{p}$ is a cyclic group of order a prime $p$ and $C^{d}$ a free abelian group of finite rank $d$. We study the existence of faithful state-closed (fsc) representations of $G_{p,d}$ on the $1$-rooted $m$-ary tree for some finite $m$. The group $G_{2,1}$, known as the lamplighter group, admits an fsc representation on the binary tree. We prove that for $d \geq 2$ there are no fsc representations of $G_{p,d}$ on the $p$ -adic tree. We characterize all fsc representations of $G=G_{p,1}$ on the $p$-adic tree where the first lev…
$\mathcal{C}$-Hereditarily conjugacy separable groups and wreath products
School of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Newcastle（纽卡斯尔大学计算机与信息科学学院）；Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice（南波希米亚大学理学院计算机科学系）；IMPAN（波兰科学院数学研究所）
Given a permutational wreath product sequence of cyclic groups of prime order we research a commutator width of such groups and some properties of its commutator subgroup. Commutator width of Sylow 2-subgroups of alternating group $A_{2^{k}}$, permutation group $S_{2^k}$ and $C_p \wr B$ were founded. The result of research was extended on subgroups $(Syl_2 {A_{2^k}})'$, $p>2$. The paper presents a construction of commutator subgroup of Sylow 2-subgroups of symmetric and alternating groups. Also minimal generic sets of Sylow 2-subgroups of $A_{2^k}$ were founded. Elements presentation of $(Syl_…
In this article we study the automorphism groups of binary cyclic codes. In particular, we provide explicit constructions for codes whose automorphism groups can be described as (a) direct products of two symmetric groups or (b) iterated wreath products of several symmetric groups. Interestingly, some of the codes we consider also arise in the context of regular lattice graphs and permutation decoding.
Any Schur ring is uniquely determined by a partition of the elements of the group. An open question in the study of Schur rings is determining which partitions of the group induce a Schur ring. Although a structure theorem is available for Schur rings over cyclic groups, it is still a difficult problem to count all the partitions. For example, Kovacs, Liskovets, and Poschel determine formulas to count the number of wreath-indecomposable Schur rings. In this paper we solve the problem of counting the number of all Schur rings over cyclic groups of prime power order and draw some parallels with …
Let G be an infinite cyclic extension, 1 -> B -> G -> Z -> 1, of a group B where the action of Z on the set of conjugacy classes of non-trivial elements of B is free. This class of groups includes certain ascending HNN-extensions with abelian or free base groups, certain wreath products by Z and the soluble Baumslag-Solitar groups BS(1,m) with |m|> 1. We construct a model for Evc(G), the classifying space of G for the family of virtually cyclic subgroups of G, and give bounds for the minimum dimension of Evc(G). We construct a 2-dimensional model for Evc(G) where G is a soluble Baumslag-Solita…
We prove that the topological full group $[[X]]$ of a two-sided full shift $X = Σ^{\mathbb{Z}}$ contains every right-angled Artin group (also called a graph group). More generally, we show that the family of subgroups with "linear look-ahead" is closed under graph products. We show that the lamplighter group $\mathbb{Z}_2 \wr \mathbb{Z}$ embeds in $[[X]]$, and conjecture that it does not embed in $[[X]]$ with linear look-ahead. Generalizing the lamplighter group, we show that whenever $G$ acts with "unique moves" (or at least "move-$A$ithfully"), we have $A \wr G \leq [[X]]$ for finite abelian…
We explicitly determine all of the transitive groups of degree p-squared, p a prime, whose Sylow p-subgroup is not the wreath product of two cyclic groups of order p. Furthermore, we provide a general description of the transitive groups of degree p-squared whose Sylow p-subgroup is such a wreath product, and explicitly determine most of them. As applications, we solve the Cayley Isomorphism problem for Cayley objects of an abelian group of order p-squared, explicitly determine the full automorphism group of Cayley graphs of abelian groups of order p-squared, and find all nonnormal Cayley grap…
We use wreath products to provide criteria for a group to be conjugacy separable or omnipotent. These criteria are in terms of virtual retractions onto cyclic subgroups. We give two applications: a straightforward topological proof of the theorem of Stebe that infinite-order elements of Fuchsian groups (of the first type) are conjugacy distinguished, and a proof that surface groups are omnipotent.
In this paper we study embeddings of unitriangular groups UT$_n(\mathbb{F}_p)$ arising under adjunction of roots. We construct embeddings of UT$_n(\mathbb{F}_p)$ in UT$_m(\mathbb{F}_p)$, for $n \geq 2$, $m=(n-1)p^s + 1$, $s \in \mathbb{Z}^+$, such that any element of UT$_n(\mathbb{F}_p)$ has a $p^s$-th root in UT$_m(\mathbb{F}_p)$. Also we construct an embedding of the wreath product UT$_n(\mathbb{F}_p) \wr C_{p^s}$ in UT$_m(\mathbb{F}_p)$, where $C_{p^s}$ is the cyclic group of order $p^s$.
We determine all positive harmonic functions for a large class of "semi-isotropic" random walks on the lamplighter group, i.e., the wreath product of the cyclic group of order q with the infinite cyclic group. This is possible via the geometric realization of a Cayley graph of that group as the Diestel-Leader graph DL(q,q). More generally, DL(q,r) is the horocyclic product of two homogeneous trees with respective degrees $q+1$ and $r+1$, and our result applies to all DL-graphs. This is based on a careful study of the minimal harmonic functions for semi-isotropic walks on trees.
In this paper, we show that all Coleman automorphisms of a finite group with self-central minimal non-trivial characteristic subgroup are inner; therefore the normalizer property holds for these groups. Using our methods we show that the holomorph and wreath product of finite simple groups, among others, have no non-inner Coleman automorphisms. As a further application of our theorems, we provide partial answers to questions raised by M. Hertweck and W. Kimmerle. Furthermore, we characterize the Coleman automorphisms of extensions of a finite nilpotent group by a cyclic $p$-group. Lastly, we n…
If $G$ is a group, a virtual retract of $G$ is a subgroup which is a retract of a finite index subgroup. Most of the paper focuses on two group properties: property (LR), that all finitely generated subgroups are virtual retracts, and property (VRC), that all cyclic subgroups are virtual retracts. We study the permanence of these properties under commensurability, amalgams over retracts, graph products and wreath products. In particular, we show that (VRC) is stable under passing to finite index overgroups, while (LR) is not. The question whether all finitely generated virtually free groups sa…
We study a function $\mathcal{L}_Γ$ which quantifies the LEF (local embeddability into finite groups) property for a finitely generated group $Γ$. We compute this "LEF growth" function in some examples, including certain wreath products. We compare LEF growth with the analogous quantitative version of residual finiteness, and exhibit a family of finitely generated residually finite groups which nevertheless admit many more local embeddings into finite groups than they do finite quotients. Along the way, we give a new proof that B.H. Neumann's continuous family of $2$-generated groups contains …
Let $G$ be a finitely generated group, and let $Σ$ be a finite subset that generates $G$ as a monoid. The \emph{word problem of $G$ with respect to $Σ$} consists of all words in the free monoid $Σ^{\ast}$ that are equal to the identity in $G$. The \emph{co-word problem of $G$ with respect to $Σ$} is the complement in $Σ^{\ast}$ of the word problem. We say that a group $G$ is \emph{co$\mathcal{CF}$} if its co-word problem with respect to some (equivalently, any) finite generating set $Σ$ is a context-free language. We describe a generalized Thompson group $V_{(G, θ)}$ for each finite group G an…
The Diestel-Leader graph DL(q,r) is the horocyclic product of the homogeneous trees with respective degrees q+1 and r+1. When q=r, it is the Cayley graph of the lamplighter group (wreath product of the cyclic group of order q with the infinite cyclic group) with respect to a natural generating set. For the "Simple random walk" (SRW) operator on the latter group, Grigorchuk & Zuk and Dicks & Schick have determined the spectrum and the (on-diagonal) spectral measure (Plancherel measure). Here, we show that thanks to the geometric realization, these results can be obtained for all DL-graphs by di…
Let $M$ be a connected orientable compact surface, $f:M\to\mathbb{R}$ be a Morse function, and $\mathcal{D}_{\mathrm{id}}(M)$ be the group of difeomorphisms of $M$ isotopic to the identity. Denote by $\mathcal{S}'(f)=\{f\circ h = f\mid h\in\mathcal{D}_{\mathrm{id}}(M)\}$ the subgroup of $\mathcal{D}_{\mathrm{id}}(M)$ consisting of difeomorphisms "preserving" $f$, i.e. the stabilizer of $f$ with respect to the right action of $\mathcal{D}_{\mathrm{id}}(M)$ on the space $\mathcal{C}^{\infty}(M,\mathbb{R})$ of smooth functions on $M$. Let also $\mathbf{G}(f)$ be the group of automorphisms of the …
