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arXiv 2203.13656quant-phcond-mat.quant-gasphysics.atom-ph
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碰撞单原子自旋探针的灵敏度

Sensitivity of a collisional single-atom spin probe

Jens Nettersheim, Quentin Bouton, Daniel Adam, Artur Widera

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19 pages, 8 figures
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摘要：

研究了碰撞单原子探针对超冷气体的灵敏度。非弹性自旋交换碰撞将有关气体温度T或外部磁场B的信息映射到单原子探针的量子自旋布居上，并且先前的工作显示出对短时非平衡自旋动力学的增强的灵敏度[1]。在这里，我们用数值方法研究了这种单原子探针对各种观测量的稳态灵敏度。我们发现，探针显示出明显的灵敏度最大值的（B，T）参数图，虽然潜在的自旋交换率标度单调与温度和磁场。在参数空间中，探头在感测外部施加的磁场中的热能与塞曼能量之间的能量比时通常具有最大的灵敏度，而对绝对能量的灵敏度，即，动能和塞曼能之和很低。我们确定的参数产生灵敏度最大值为一个给定的绝对能量，我们可以直接比较热麦克斯韦-玻尔兹曼分布与塞曼能量分裂。我们比较我们的平衡结果从单原子量子探针的非平衡实验结果，表明在参数空间中的灵敏度最大值定性也占上风的非平衡动力学，而定量的差异仍然存在。因此，我们的工作提供了这种单原子量子探针的性质和性能的微观解释，连接热力学性质的微观相互作用机制。我们的研究结果铺平了道路，优化量子探测应用程序在（B，T）参数空间超出先前所示的非平衡动力学的提升。

英文摘要：

We study the sensitivity of a collisional single-atom probe for ultracold gases. Inelastic spin-exchange collisions map information about the gas temperature T or external magnetic field B onto the quantum spin-population of single-atom probes, and previous work showed enhanced sensitivity for short-time nonequilibrium spin dynamics [1]. Here, we numerically investigate the steady-state sensitivity of such single-atom probes to various observables. We find that the probe shows distinct sensitivity maxima in the (B, T ) parameter diagram, although the underlying spin-exchange rates scale monotonically with temperature and magnetic field. In parameter space, the probe generally has the largest sensitivity when sensing the energy ratio between thermal energy and Zeeman energy in an externally applied magnetic field, while the sensitivity to the absolute energy, i.e., the sum of kinetic and Zeeman energy, is low. We identify the parameters yielding sensitivity maxima for a given absolute energy, which we can relate to a direct comparison of the thermal Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution with the Zeeman-energy splitting. We compare our equilibrium results to nonequilibrium experimental results from a single-atom quantum probe, showing that the sensitivity maxima in parameter space qualitatively prevail also in the nonequilibrium dynamics, while a quantitative difference remains. Our work thereby offers a microscopic explanation for the properties and performance of this single-atom quantum probe, connecting thermodynamic properties to microscopic interaction mechanisms. Our results pave the way for optimization of quantum-probe applications in (B, T ) parameter space beyond the previously shown boost by nonequilibrium dynamics.

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