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arXiv 2203.08653cs.LGcs.CYcs.HCstat.MEstat.ML
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第二意见的反事实推理

Counterfactual Inference of Second Opinions

Max Planck Institute for Software Systems(马克斯·普朗克软件系统研究所);ETH Zurich(苏黎世联邦理工学院)

Nina L. Corvelo Benz, Manuel Gomez Rodriguez

摘要:

能够从专家那里推断出第二意见的自动决策支持系统可能有助于更有效地分配资源;它们可以帮助决定何时以及从谁那里寻求第二意见。在本文中,我们看看这种类型的支持系统的设计从反事实推理的角度。我们专注于多类分类设置,并首先表明,如果专家自己的预测,产生他们的预测的潜在因果机制需要满足一个理想的集不变属性。此外,我们表明,任何因果机制满足这一属性,存在一个等价的机制,每个专家的预测是由一个共同的噪声所管辖的独立的子机制产生的。这激发了一组不变的Gumbel-Max结构因果模型的设计,其中控制支撑模型的子机制的噪声结构取决于可以从数据估计的专家之间的相似性的直观概念。在合成数据和真实数据上的实验表明,我们的模型可以比非因果模型更准确地推断第二意见。

英文摘要:

Automated decision support systems that are able to infer second opinions from experts can potentially facilitate a more efficient allocation of resources; they can help decide when and from whom to seek a second opinion. In this paper, we look at the design of this type of support systems from the perspective of counterfactual inference. We focus on a multiclass classification setting and first show that, if experts make predictions on their own, the underlying causal mechanism generating their predictions needs to satisfy a desirable set invariant property. Further, we show that, for any causal mechanism satisfying this property, there exists an equivalent mechanism where the predictions by each expert are generated by independent sub-mechanisms governed by a common noise. This motivates the design of a set invariant Gumbel-Max structural causal model where the structure of the noise governing the sub-mechanisms underpinning the model depends on an intuitive notion of similarity between experts which can be estimated from data. Experiments on both synthetic and real data show that our model can be used to infer second opinions more accurately than its non-causal counterpart.

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