Simulations with a 3D general circulation model (GCM) suggest that one potential driver behind the observed radius inflation in hot Jupiters may be the downward advection of energy from the highly irradiated photosphere into the deeper layers. Here, we compare dynamical heat transport within the non-inflated hot Jupiter WASP-43b and the canonical inflated hot Jupiter HD 209458b, with similar effective temperatures. We investigate to what extent the radiatively driven heating and cooling in the photosphere (at pressures smaller than 1 bar) influence the deeper temperature profile (at pressures between 1 to 700 bar). Our simulations with the new non-gray 3D radiation-hydrodynamical model expeRT/MITgcm show that the deep temperature profile of WASP-43b is associated with a relatively cold adiabat. The deep layers of HD 209458b, however, do not converge and remain nearly unchanged regardless of whether a cold or a hot initial state is used. Furthermore, we show that different flow structures in the deep atmospheric layers arise. There, we find that WASP-43b exhibits a deep equatorial jet, driven by the relatively fast tidally locked rotation of this planet (0.81 days), as compared to HD 209458b (3.47 days). However, by comparing simulations with different rotation periods, we find that the resulting flow structures only marginally influence the temperature evolution in the deep atmosphere, which is almost completely dominated by radiative heating and cooling. Furthermore, we find that the evolution of deeper layers can influence the 3D temperature structure in the photosphere of WASP-43b. Thus, dayside emission spectra of WASP-43b may shed more light onto the dynamical processes occurring at greater depths.
The hot Jupiter WASP-43b has now joined the ranks of transiting hot Jupiters HD 189733b and HD 209458b as an exoplanet with a large array of observational constraints on its atmospheric properties. Because WASP-43b receives a similar stellar flux as HD 209458b but has a rotation rate 4 times faster and a much higher gravity, studying WASP-43b serves as a test of the effect of rotation rate and gravity on the circulation when stellar irradiation is held approximately constant. Here we present 3D atmospheric circulation models of WASP-43b using the SPARC/MITgcm, a coupled radiation and circulati…
High-resolution spectra are unique indicators of three-dimensional processes in exoplanetary atmospheres. For instance, in 2020, Ehrenreich et al. reported transmission spectra from the ESPRESSO spectrograph yielding an anomalously large Doppler blueshift from the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-76b. Interpretations of these observations invoke toy model depictions of gas-phase iron condensation in lower-temperature regions of the planet's atmosphere. In this work, we forward model the atmosphere of WASP-76b with double-gray general circulation models (GCMs) and ray-striking radiative transfer to diagn…
Spectral features in the observed spectra of exoplanets depend on the composition of their atmospheres. A good knowledge of the main atmospheric processes that drive the chemical distribution is therefore essential to interpret exoplanetary spectra. An atmosphere reaches chemical equilibrium if the rates of the forward and backward chemical reactions converge to the same value. However, there are atmospheric processes, such as atmospheric transport, that destabilize this equilibrium. In this work we study the changes in composition driven by a 3D wind field in WASP-43b using our Global Circula…
Ultra-hot Jupiters represent an exciting avenue for testing extreme physics and observing atmospheric circulation regimes not found in our solar system. Their high temperatures result in thermally ionized particles embedded in atmospheric winds interacting with the planet's interior magnetic field by generating current and experiencing bulk Lorentz force drag. Previous treatments of magnetic drag in 3D General Circulation Models (GCMs) of ultra-hot Jupiters have mostly been uniform drag timescales applied evenly throughout the planet, which neglects the strong spatial dependence of these magne…
The large radii of many hot Jupiters can only be matched by models that have hot interior adiabats, and recent theoretical work has shown that the interior evolution of hot Jupiters has a significant impact on their atmospheric structure. Due to its inflated radius, low gravity, and ultra-hot equilibrium temperature, WASP-76b is an ideal case study for the impact of internal evolution on observable properties. Hot interiors should most strongly affect the non-irradiated side of the planet, and thus full phase curve observations are critical to ascertain the effect of the interior on the atmosp…
A Direct Comparison between the use of Double Gray and Multiwavelength Radiative Transfer in a General Circulation Model with and without Radiatively Active Clouds
本文在热木星大气通用环流模型中直接比较多波长栅栏式与双灰体辐射传输方案，揭示前者能更准确捕捉非灰体效应、昼夜温差和辐射活跃云层行为，并在 HD 189733 b 和 HD 209458 b 上验证了方法差异对温度结构、环流和相位曲线的影响。
Assessing robustness and bias in 1D retrievals of 3D Global Circulation Models at high spectral resolution: a WASP-76 b simulation case study in emission
The Days Drag On on WASP-121 b: Interpreting its NIRISS Spectroscopic Phase Curve with General Circulation Models
University of Michigan（密歇根大学）；Trottier Space Institute at McGill（麦吉尔大学特罗蒂尔太空研究所）；McGill University（麦吉尔大学）；Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学李政道研究所）；Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）；Université Côte d’Azur（蔚蓝海岸大学）；Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur（蔚蓝海岸天文台）；Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology（加州理工学院喷气推进实验室）；Planétarium de Montréal, Espace pour la Vie（蒙特利尔天文馆生命空间）
Inhomogeneous magnetic coupling in exoplanets: the stop & go of WASP-18 b's atmospheric flows
Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences（奥地利科学院空间研究所）；Institute for Theoretical Physics and Computational Physics, Graz University of Technology（格拉茨工业大学理论与计算物理研究所）
The tale of the 3 planets: 3D cloud feedback enhances the spectral diversity of warm Jupiters
Université de la Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange（蔚蓝海岸大学，蔚蓝海岸天文台）；Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学李政道研究所与物理天文学院）；Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern（伯尔尼大学空间与宜居中心）；Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University（密歇根州立大学物理与天文系）；California Institute of Technology/IPAC（加州理工学院/IPAC）；Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin–Madison（威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校天文学系）；AURA for the European Space Agency (ESA), Space Telescope Science Institute（欧洲航天局（ESA）授权的AURA机构，太空望远镜科学研究所）；Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz（加州大学圣克鲁兹分校天文学与天体物理学系）；School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University（亚利桑那州立大学地球与空间探索学院）
We present the analysis of a full-orbit, spectroscopic phase curve of the ultra hot Jupiter WASP-18b, obtained with the Wide Field Camera 3 aboard the Hubble Space Telescope. We measure the planet's normalized day-night contrast as >0.96 in luminosity: the disk-integrated dayside emission from the planet is at 964+-25 ppm, corresponding to 2894+-30 K, and we place an upper limit on the nightside emission of <32ppm or 1430K at the 3-sigma level. We also find that the peak of the phase curve exhibits a small, but significant offset in brightness of 4.5+-0.5 degrees eastward. We compare the extra…
We analyze full-orbit phase curve observations of the transiting hot Jupiters WASP-19b and HAT-P-7b at 3.6 and 4.5 $μ$m obtained using the Spitzer Space Telescope. For WASP-19b, we measure secondary eclipse depths of $0.485\%\pm 0.024\%$ and $0.584\%\pm 0.029\%$ at 3.6 and 4.5 $μ$m, which are consistent with a single blackbody with effective temperature $2372 \pm 60$ K. The measured 3.6 and 4.5 $μ$m secondary eclipse depths for HAT-P-7b are $0.156\%\pm 0.009\%$ and $0.190\%\pm 0.006\%$, which are well-described by a single blackbody with effective temperature $2667\pm 57$ K. Comparing the phas…
Ultra-hot Jupiters (UHJs) are expected to possess temperature inversion layers in their dayside atmospheres. Recent thermal emission observations have discovered several atomic and molecular species along with temperature inversions in UHJs. We observed the thermal emission spectra of two UHJs (WASP-33b and WASP-189b) with the GIANO-B high-resolution near-infrared spectrograph. Using the cross-correlation technique, we detected carbon monoxide (CO) in the dayside atmospheres of both planets. The detected CO lines are in emission, which agrees with previous discoveries of iron emission lines an…
The atmospheres of ultra hot Jupiters (UHJs) are prime targets for the detection of molecules and atoms at both low and high spectral resolution. We study the atmospheres of the UHJs WASP-121b and WASP-189b by performing 3D general circulation models (GCMs) of these planets using high temperature correlated-k opacity schemes with ultra-violet (UV) absorbing species included. The GCM results are then post-processed at low and high spectral resolutions and compared to available data. The high resolution results are cross-correlated with molecular and atomic templates to produce mock molecular de…
Gray models, which replace spectrally-resolved opacities with a wavelength independent mean opacity, are currently seeing wide and diverse application. In this brief review, we discuss both the history of gray techniques as well as recent applications of gray models, with an emphasis on planetary atmospheres. Methods and results for generating mean opacities are summarized. We present examples where gray radiative transfer tools are incorporated into three-dimensional atmospheric circulation models. Gray techniques are also useful for problems in comparative climatology, and we inter-compare r…
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is expected to revolutionize the field of exoplanets. The broad wavelength coverage and the high sensitivity of its instruments will allow characterization of exoplanetary atmospheres with unprecedented precision. Following the Call for the Cycle 1 Early Release Science Program, the Transiting Exoplanet Community was awarded time to observe several targets, including WASP-43b. The atmosphere of this hot Jupiter has been intensively observed but still harbors some mysteries, especially concerning the day-night temperature gradient, the efficiency of the atm…
We report detections and constraints for the near infrared Ks band secondary eclipses of seven hot-Jupiters using the IRIS2 infrared camera on the Anglo-Australian Telescope. Eclipses in the Ks band for WASP-18b and WASP-36b have been measured for the first time. We also present new measurements for the eclipses of WASP-4b, WASP-5b, and WASP-46b, as well as upper limits for the eclipse depths of WASP-2b and WASP-76b. In particular, two full eclipses of WASP-46b were observed, allowing us to demonstrate the repeatability of our observations via independent analyses on each eclipse. Significant …
We present new 3.6 and 4.5 $μm$ Spitzer phase curves for the highly irradiated hot Jupiter WASP-33b and the unusually dense Saturn-mass planet HD 149026b. As part of this analysis, we develop a new variant of pixel level decorrelation that is effective at removing intrapixel sensitivity variations for long observations (>10 hours) where the position of the star can vary by a significant fraction of a pixel. Using this algorithm, we measure eclipse depths, phase amplitudes, and phase offsets for both planets at 3.6 $μm$ and 4.5 $μm$. We use a simple toy model to show that WASP-33b's phase offse…
Recently acquired Hubble and Spitzer phase curves of the short-period hot Jupiter WASP-43b make it an ideal target for confronting theory with data. On the observational front, we re-analyze the 3.6 and 4.5 $μ$m Spitzer phase curves and demonstrate that our improved analysis better removes residual red noise due to intra-pixel sensitivity, which leads to greater fluxes emanating from the nightside of WASP-43b, thus reducing the tension between theory and data. On the theoretical front, we construct cloudfree and cloudy atmospheres of WASP-43b using our Global Circulation Model (GCM), THOR, whi…
We provide a new framework to model the day side and night side atmospheres of irradiated exoplanets using 1-D radiative transfer by incorporating a self-consistent heat flux carried by circulation currents (winds) between the two sides. The advantages of our model are its physical motivation and computational efficiency, which allows for an exploration of a wide range of atmospheric parameters. We use this forward model to explore the day and night side atmosphere of WASP-76~b, an ultra-hot Jupiter which shows evidence for a thermal inversion and Fe condensation, and WASP-43~b, comparing our …
Though the global atmospheres of hot Jupiters have been extensively studied using phase curve observations, the level of time variability in these data is not well constrained. To investigate possible time variability in a planetary phase curve, we observed two full-orbit phase curves of the hot Jupiter WASP-43b at 4.5 microns using the Spitzer Space Telescope, and reanalyzed a previous 4.5 micron phase curve from Stevenson et al. (2017). We find no significant time variability between these three phase curves, which span timescales of weeks to years. The three observations are best fit by a s…
CONTEXT: Thermal emission from extrasolar planets makes it possible to study important physical processes in their atmospheres and derive more precise orbital elements. AIMS: By using new near infrared and optical data, we examine how these data constrain the orbital eccentricity and the thermal properties of the planet atmosphere. METHODS: The full light curves acquired by the TESS satellite from two sectors are used to put upper limit on the amplitude of the planet's phase variation and estimate the occultation depth. Two, already published and one, yet unpublished followup observations in t…
In this work we present Spitzer 3.6 and 4.5 micron secondary eclipse observations of five new cool (<1200 K) transiting gas giant planets: HAT-P-19b, WASP-6b, WASP-10b, WASP-39b, and WASP-67b. We compare our measured eclipse depths to the predictions of a suite of atmosphere models and to eclipse depths for planets with previously published observations in order to constrain the temperature- and mass-dependent properties of gas giant planet atmospheres. We find that the dayside emission spectra of planets less massive than Jupiter require models with efficient circulation of energy to the nigh…
Ultra-hot Jupiters are tidally locked gas giants with dayside temperatures high enough to dissociate hydrogen and other molecules. Their atmospheres are vastly non-uniform in terms of chemistry, temperature and dynamics, and this makes their high-resolution transmission spectra and cross-correlation signal difficult to interpret. In this work, we use the SPARC/MITgcm global circulation model to simulate the atmosphere of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-76b under different conditions, such as atmospheric drag and the absence of TiO and VO. We then employ a 3D Monte-Carlo radiative transfer code, HIR…
Chemical Tracers for 3D Atmospheric Asymmetries on WASP-69 b
Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences（奥地利科学院空间研究所）；Institute for Theoretical and Computational Physics, Graz University of Technology（格拉茨工业大学理论与计算物理研究所）；Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern（伯尔尼大学物理学院空间研究与行星科学系）；Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge（剑桥大学卡文迪许实验室）
We present full-orbit phase curve observations of the eccentric ($e\sim 0.08$) transiting hot Jupiter WASP-14b obtained in the 3.6 and 4.5 $μ$m bands using the \textit{Spitzer Space Telescope}. We use two different methods for removing the intrapixel sensitivity effect and compare their efficacy in decoupling the instrumental noise. Our measured secondary eclipse depths of $0.1882\%\pm 0.0048\%$ and $0.2247\%\pm 0.0086\%$ at 3.6 and 4.5 $μ$m, respectively, are both consistent with a blackbody temperature of $2402\pm 35$ K. We place a $2σ$ upper limit on the nightside flux at 3.6 $μ$m and find …
We present thermal phase curve measurements for the hot Jupiter WASP-103b observed with Hubble/WFC3 and Spitzer/IRAC. The phase curves have large amplitudes and negligible hotspot offsets, indicative of poor heat redistribution to the nightside. We fit the phase variation with a range of climate maps and find that a spherical harmonics model generally provides the best fit. The phase-resolved spectra are consistent with blackbodies in the WFC3 bandpass, with brightness temperatures ranging from $1880\pm40$ K on the nightside to $2930 \pm 40$ K on the dayside. The dayside spectrum has a signifi…
Exoplanet atmospheres are inherently three-dimensional systems in which thermal/chemical variation and winds can strongly influence spectra. Recently, the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-76 b has shown evidence for condensation and asymmetric Fe absorption with time. However, it is currently unclear whether these asymmetries are driven by chemical or thermal differences between the two limbs, as precise constraints on variation in these have remained elusive due to the challenges of modelling these dynamics in a Bayesian framework. To address this we develop a new model, HyDRA-2D, capable of simultaneo…
Cloudy solutions for the clear skies of WASP-80b: 3D cloud feedback on the atmosphere and spectra of a warm Jupiter
Université de la Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange（蔚蓝海岸大学，蔚蓝海岸天文台，法国国家科学研究中心，拉格朗日实验室）；Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（杨振宁研究所与物理与天文学院，上海交通大学）；Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern（太空与宜居中心，伯尔尼大学）；Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory（约翰斯·霍普金斯大学应用物理实验室）；Space Telescope Science Institute（太空望远镜科学研究所）；Steward Observatory（斯图尔德天文台）；Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin–Madison（天文学系，威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校）；Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz（天文学与天体物理学系，加州大学圣克鲁兹分校）；Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University（物理与天文学系，约翰斯·霍普金斯大学）；California Institute of Technology（加利福尼亚理工学院）
A Panchromatic Characterization of the Evening and Morning Atmosphere of WASP-107 b: Composition and Cloud Variations, and Insight into the Effect of Stellar Contamination
本研究利用 JWST 全部仪器重新分析 WASP-107 b 的临边透射光谱，确认黄昏-黎明温度差异，发现 SO₂、CO₂ 及云层分布不对称，并揭示星斑污染对临边测量的偏差及校正方法。
Despite swift progress in the characterisation of exoplanet atmospheres in composition and structure, the study of atmospheric dynamics has not progressed at the same speed. While theoretical models have been developed to describe the lower layers of the atmosphere and, disconnected, the exosphere, little is known about the intermediate layers up to the thermosphere. We aim to provide a clearer picture of atmospheric dynamics for the class of ultra hot Jupiters, highly-irradiated gas giants, on the example of WASP-76~b. We analysed two datasets jointly, obtained with the HARPS and ESPRESSO spe…
Metal Oxide Clusters in Gas Giant Exoplanet Atmospheres
Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences（奥地利科学院空间研究所）；Institute of Theoretical and Computational Physics, TU Graz（格拉茨工业大学理论与计算物理研究所）；Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property (IGE)（瑞士联邦知识产权局）；Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern（伯尔尼大学物理学院空间研究与行星科学系）
THOR is the first open-source general circulation model (GCM) developed from scratch to study the atmospheres and climates of exoplanets, free from Earth- or Solar System-centric tunings. It solves the general non-hydrostatic Euler equations (instead of the primitive equations) on a sphere using the icosahedral grid. In the current study, we report major upgrades to THOR, building upon the work of Mendonça et al. (2016). First, while the Horizontally Explicit Vertically Implicit (HEVI) integration scheme is the same as that described in Mendonça et al. (2016), we provide a clearer description …
The KPF SURFS-UP Survey I: Transmission Spectroscopy of WASP-76 b
Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院）；University of Hawai‘i（夏威夷大学）；California Institute of Technology（加州理工学院）；Jet Propulsion Lab（喷气推进实验室）；University of Kansas（堪萨斯大学）；Lowell Observatory（洛厄尔天文台）
利用凯克行星探测器对超热木星样本进行高分辨率巡天，开发公开管道处理数据，应用于 WASP-76 b 凌星观测，取得高信噪比探测结果，揭示大气不同层特征及与模型预测的关系。
We present an atmospheric transmission spectrum for the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-121b, measured using the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) onboard the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Across the 0.47-1 micron wavelength range, the data imply an atmospheric opacity comparable to - and in some spectroscopic channels exceeding - that previously measured at near-infrared wavelengths (1.15-1.65 micron). Wavelength-dependent variations in the opacity rule out a gray cloud deck at a confidence level of 3.8-sigma and may instead be explained by VO spectral bands. We find a cloud-free model assum…
