Energetic nuclear transients in luminous and ultraluminous infrared galaxies
T. M. Reynolds, S. Mattila, E. Kankare, A. Efstathiou, E. Kool, S. Ryder, L. Peña-Moñino, M. A. Pérez-Torres
备注：
15 pages; 8 figures, published by A&A. Re-uploaded to reflect published version. Main changes from previous version are expanded radio analysis and slightly altered rate due to additional year of NEOWISE data
Energetic nuclear outbursts have been discovered in luminous and ultraluminous infrared galaxies (U/LIRGs) at unexpectedly high rates. To investigate this population of transients, we performed a search in mid-IR data from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) satellite and its NEOWISE survey to detect and characterise luminous and smoothly evolving transients in a sample of 215 U/LIRGs. We report three new transients, all with $ΔL > 10^{43}$ erg s$^{-1}$, in addition to two previously known cases. Their host galaxies are all part of major galaxy mergers, and through radiative transfer model fitting we find that all have a significant contribution from an active galactic nucleus (AGN). We characterised the transients through measurements of their luminosities and resulting energetics, all of which are between 10$^{50.9}$ erg and 10$^{52.2}$ erg. The IR emission of the five transients was found to be consistent with re-radiation by the hot dust of emission at shorter wavelengths, presumably originating from an accretion event, onto the supermassive black hole. The corresponding transient rate of (1.6-4.6)$\times$10$^{-3}$ / yr / galaxy is over an order of magnitude higher than the rate of large amplitude flares shown by AGN in the optical. We suggest that the observed transients are part of a dust-obscured population of tidal disruption events (TDEs) that have remained out of the reach of optical surveys due to the obscuring dust. In one case, this is supported by our radio observations. We also discuss other plausible explanations. The observed rate of events is significantly higher than optical TDE rates, which can be expected in U/LIRG hosts undergoing a major galaxy merger with increased stellar densities in the nuclear regions. Continued searches for such transients and their multi-wavelength follow-up is required to constrain their rate and nature.
JWST Discovery of High-Velocity Mid-Infrared Ionized Outflows in Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies F11119+3257 and F05189-2524
University of Maryland（马里兰大学）；Rhodes College（罗兹学院）；Universidad de Alcalá（阿尔卡拉大学）；Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), CSIC-INTA（天体生物学中心（CAB），西班牙国家航空航天技术研究所/西班牙高等科学研究委员会）；University of Arizona（亚利桑那大学）；Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics（马克斯·普朗克地外物理研究所）；Space Telescope Science Institute（太空望远镜科学研究所）；Instituto de Física Fundamental (IFF), CSIC（基础物理研究所（IFF），西班牙高等科学研究委员会）
Star-Formation in the Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxy F00183-7111
我们报道了用澳大利亚望远镜紧凑阵列探测到F00183-7111中的分子CO（1-0）气体，F00183-7111是已知的最极端的超亮红外星系之一。我们从CO（1-0）线测量到F00183-7111的红移为0.3292，并估计00183中分子气体的质量为1 $\times$ 10 $^{10}$ M $_{\odot}$。我们发现F00183-7111主要是由活动星系核提供动力的，只有$\sim$总光度的14%是由恒星形成贡献的（SFR $\sim$ 220 M $_{\odot}$ yr $^{-1}$）。我们还提供了F00183-7111的光学图像，它显示了向东的延伸。我们使用无线电连续观测在这个扩展中搜索恒星形成，但没有检测到任何。这表明恒星的形成可能主要是核的。这些观测结果为一个模型提供了额外的支持，在这个模型中，ULIRGs的无线电发射是由恒星形成的强烈爆发和嵌入其核心的无线电大声活动星系核提供动力的，两者都是由富含气体的星系合并引发的。
ALMA Multiple-Transition Molecular Line Observations of the Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxy IRAS 20551-4250: Different HCN, HCO+, HNC Excitation and Implications for Infrared Radiative Pumping
我们提出了我们的ALMA多跃迁分子线观测结果的超亮红外星系，IRAS 20551-4250，这是已知的包含一个发光的掩埋活动星系核，并显示可检测的振动激发（v2=1f）HCN和HNC发射线。HCN、HCO+和HNC的转动J=1-0、4-3和8-7发射线在振动基态（v=0）处被清楚地检测到。振动激发（v2=1f）J=4-3的发射线被检测到的HCN和HNC，但没有HCO+。它们观测到的通量比进一步支持了我们先前基于J=3-2数据获得的建议，即（1）红外辐射泵浦在v=0处的旋转激发中起作用，至少对于HCN和HNC，以及（2）HCN丰度高于HCO+和HNC。同位素H13 CN、H13 CO+和HN 13 C J=3-2发射线的通量测量支持更高HCN丰度的情况。基于碰撞激发模型，我们约束这些线发射分子气体的物理性质，但发现更高的HNC旋转激发比HCN和HCO+是很难解释的，由于更高的有效临界密度的HNC。我们考虑了红外辐射泵浦的影响，使用现有的5-30微米的红外光谱，发现我们的观测结果很好地解释，如果辐射源位于30-100 pc的分子气体。同时覆盖的非常明亮的CO J=3-2发射线显示了一个广泛的发射翼，我们解释为由于分子外流活动的估计速度约为150 Msun/yr。
The Redshift Evolution of Ultraluminous X-Ray Sources out to z~0.5: Comparison with X-Ray Binary Populations and Contribution to the Cosmic X-Ray Background
