Observations of pulsars in globular clusters (GCs) give evidence that more >10-20% of neutron stars (NSs) ever formed in GCs were retained there. However, the velocity distribution of field pulsars peaks at 5-10 times the escape velocities of GCs. Consequently, only a small fraction of GC-NSs should have been retained, even accounting for low-velocity NSs formed through electron-capture supernovae. Thus, too few low-velocity NSs should have been retained in GCs, giving rise to the NS retention problem in GCs. Here we suggest a novel solution, in which the progenitors of most GC-NSs were ONe white-dwarfs (WDs) that accreted ambient intra-cluster gas and formed low-velocity NSs through accretion induced collapse (AIC). The existence of an early gas-enriched environment in GCs is supported by observations of GC multiple stellar populations. It is thought that 10s-100s of Myrs after the formation of the first generation of stars, and after ONe-WDs were already formed, GCs were replenished with gas which formed a second generation of stars. Accretion of such replenished gas onto the ONe-WDs catalyzed the AIC processes. The number of AIC-formed NSs is then sufficient to explain the large number of NSs retained in GCs. Similar processes might also drive CO-WDs to produce type-Ia SNe or to merge and form NSs, and similarly drive NSs to AIC and mergers producing BHs. Moreover, the wide variety of gas-catalyzed binary mergers and explosive transients suggest to occur in the gas-rich environments of AGN disk could similarly, and even more efficiently, occur in second-generation gas in GCs.
Globular cluster progenitors may have been detected by \textit{HST}, and are predicted to be observable with \textit{JWST} and ground-based extremely-large telescopes with adaptive optics. This has the potential to elucidate the issue of globular cluster formation and the origins of significantly helium-enriched subpopulations, a problem in Galactic astronomy with no satisfactory theoretical solution. Given this context, we use model stellar tracks and isochrones to investigate the predicted observational properties of helium-enriched stellar populations in globular cluster progenitors. We fin…
We present a new abundance analysis of HD 55496, previously known as a metal-poor barium star. We found that HD 55496 has a metallicity [Fe/H] $=-1.55$ and is s-process enriched. We find that HD 55496 presents four chemical peculiarities: (i) a Na-O abundance anti-correlation; (ii) it is aluminum rich; (iii) it is carbon poor for a s-process enriched star and (iv) the heavy 2$^{nd}$ s-process peak elements, such as Ba, La, Ce, and Nd, present smaller abundances than the lighter s-process elements, such as Sr, Y and Zr, which is not usually observed among the chemically-peculiar binary stars at…
Interesting chemically peculiar field stars may reflect their stellar evolution history and their possible origin in a different environment from where they are found now, which is one of the most important research fields in Galactic archaeology. To explore this further, we have used the CN-CH bands around 4000 A to identify N-rich metal-poor field stars in LAMOST DR3. Here we expand our N-rich metal-poor field star sample to ~100 stars in LAMOST DR5, where 53 of them are newly found in this work. We investigate light elements of the common stars between our sample and APOGEE DR14. While Mg, …
No evidence for multiple stellar populations in the low-mass Galactic globular cluster E 3
多重恒星星族是银河系球状星团中普遍存在的现象。尽管产生新一代恒星的浓缩物质的来源仍然不清楚，但自我浓缩很可能只在质量足以保留这种浓缩物质的星团中才是可行的。利用SOAR/Goodman多目标光谱技术，分析了低质量（M~1.4 x 10^4 M_sun）球状星团E3中23颗红巨星支星的蓝CN吸收特征，寻找了该星团中的多星族.我们发现，CN丰度并不呈现典型的双峰行为中看到的集群托管多恒星星族，而是一个单峰分布，表明存在一个真正的单一恒星星族，或丰富的水平远远低于集群，从高分辨率光谱显示两个人口的证据。E3将是第一个真正的银河系古老的球状星团，没有发现自我富集的迹象。
Multiple Populations and a CH Star Found in the 300S Globular Cluster Stellar Stream
University of Chicago（芝加哥大学）；University of Toronto（多伦多大学）；Carnegie Mellon University（卡内基梅隆大学）；Johns Hopkins University（约翰斯·霍普金斯大学）；Australian National University（澳大利亚国立大学）
Multiple stellar populations (MPs) are a distinct characteristic of Globular Clusters (GCs). Their general properties have been widely studied among main sequence, red giant branch (RGB) and horizontal branch (HB) stars, but a common framework is still missing at later evolutionary stages. We studied the MP phenomenon along the AGB sequences in 58 GCs, observed with the Hubble Space Telescope in ultraviolet (UV) and optical filters. By using UV-optical color-magnitude diagrams, we selected the AGB members of each cluster and identified the AGB candidates of the metal-enhanced population in typ…
Blue straggler stars have been proposeed as powerful indicators to measure the dynamical state of Galactic globular clusters. Here we examine for the first time if this framework of blue straggler stars as dynamical clocks, which was specifically developed for Galactic globular clusters, may also hold for younger globular clusters in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Using Hubble Space Telescope observations, we study seven Large Magellanic Cloud star clusters with ages between ~700 Myr and 7 Gyr. We confirm that our sample clusters are consistent with the empirical correlation previously derived fo…
Evolution of long-lived globular cluster stars. II. Sodium abundance variations on the asymptotic giant branch as a function of globular cluster age and metallicity
We combine MUSE spectroscopy and Hubble Space Telescope ultraviolet (UV) photometry to perform a study of the chemistry and dynamics of the Galactic globular cluster Messier 80 (M80, NGC 6093). Previous studies have revealed three stellar populations that not only vary in their light-element abundances, but also in their radial distributions, with concentration decreasing with increasing nitrogen enrichment. This remarkable trend, which sets M80 apart from the other Galactic globular clusters, points towards a complex formation and evolutionary history. To better understand how M80 formed and …
Evidence of Supernova Between Formation of Stellar Populations in a Globular Cluster
University of Notre Dame（圣母大学）；Northwestern University（西北大学）；Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astronomy, Northwestern University（西北大学跨学科天文探索与研究中心）；Fordham University（福特汉姆大学）；City University of New York（纽约市立大学）
Chemical Abundances in the Metal-Poor Globular Cluster ESO 280-SC06: A Formerly Massive, Tidally Disrupted Globular Cluster
University of Chicago（芝加哥大学）；Syracuse University（雪城大学）；University of New South Wales（新南威尔士大学）；University of Toronto（多伦多大学）；Carnegie Institution for Science（卡内基科学促进会）；University of Florida（佛罗里达大学）
We determined abundances of Na and Zr in the atmospheres of 237 RGB stars in Galactic globular cluster (GGC) 47 Tuc (NGC 104), with a primary objective of investigating possible differences between the abundances of Zr in the first generation (1P) and second generation (2P) stars. For the abundance analysis, we used archival UVES/GIRAFFE spectra obtained during three different observing programmes. Abundances were determined from two Na I and three Zr I lines, using 1D hydrostatic ATLAS model atmospheres. The target stars for the abundance analysis were limited to those with 4200 $\leq$ $T_{\r…
Recent numerical simulations of globular clusters (GCs) have shown that stellar-mass black holes (BHs) play a fundamental role in driving cluster evolution and shaping their present-day structure. Rapidly mass-segregating to the center of GCs, BHs act as a dynamical energy source via repeated super-elastic scattering, delaying onset of core collapse and limiting mass segregation for visible stars. While recent discoveries of BH candidates in Galactic and extragalactic GCs have further piqued interest in BH-mediated cluster dynamics, numerical models show that even if significant BH populations…
In a step toward understanding the origin of the Galactic Halo, we have reexamined Type II Cepheids (T2C) in the field with new input from the second data release (DR2) of Gaia. For 45 T2C with periods from 1 to 20 days, parallaxes, proper motions, and [Fe/H] values are available for 25 stars. Only 5 show [Fe/H] < -1.5, while the remaining stars show thick disk kinematics and [Fe/H] > -0.90. We have compared the T2C stars of the field with their cousins in the globular clusters of the Halo and found that the globular clusters with T2C stars show metallicities and kinematics of a pure Halo popu…
The latest edition of the APOGEE-2/DR14 survey catalogue and the first \texttt{Payne} data release of APOGEE abundance determinations by Ting et al. are examined. We identify 31 previously unremarked metal-poor giant stars with anomalously high levels of nitrogen in the chemical space defined by [Fe/H] and [N/Fe]. The APOGEE chemical abundance patterns of such objects revealed that these are chemically distinct from the Milky Way (MW) in most chemical elements. We have found all these objects have a [N/Fe]$>+0.5$, and are thus identified here as nitrogen-rich stars. An orbital analysis of thes…
In order to investigate the origin of multiple stellar populations found in globular clusters (GCs) in the halo and bulge of the Milky Way, we have constructed chemical evolution models for their putative low-mass progenitors. In light of recent theoretical developments, we assume that supernova blast waves undergo blowout without expelling the pre-enriched ambient gas, while relatively slow winds of massive stars, together with the winds and ejecta from low to high mass asymptotic-giant-branch stars, are all locally retained in these less massive systems. Interestingly, we find that the obser…
A universal chromosome map for globular clusters: chemical calibration and environmental regulation of the multiple populations
Università degli Studi di Bologna（博洛尼亚大学）；INAF - Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna（意大利国家天体物理研究所博洛尼亚天文与空间科学观测站）；Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University（利物浦约翰摩尔斯大学天体物理研究所）；Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)（圣塞巴斯蒂安国际物理中心）；IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science（伊克尔巴斯基克，巴斯克科学基金会）；University of Geneva（日内瓦大学）；IRAP, UMR 5277, CNRS and Université de Toulouse（图卢兹大学与法国国家科学研究中心联合研究单位第5277号（天体物理学与行星学研究所在））；American University of Sharjah（沙迦美国大学）；ICREA（加泰罗尼亚卓越研究员计划）；Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB)（巴塞罗那宇宙科学研究所以及巴塞罗那大学）；Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC)（加泰罗尼亚空间研究学院）
I simulate the evolution of a stellar system hosting two stellar populations whose initial set up is defined according to the two main scenarios proposed for the origin of multiple populations in Galactic globular clusters: (i) formation of a second generation from a cooling flow of pristine+polluted gas and (ii) accretion of polluted gas onto the proto-stellar disks of a fraction of low-mass stars. For this purpose, Monte Carlo simulations containing from $10^{5}$ up to $3\cdot 10^{6}$ particles have been run including the effect of stellar evolution, binary interactions, external tidal field…
Currently three isolated radio pulsars and one binary radio pulsar with no evidence of any previous recycling are known in 97 surveyed Galactic globular clusters. As pointed out by Lyne et al., the presence of these pulsars cannot be explained by core-collapse supernovae, as is commonly assumed for their counterparts in the Galactic disk. We apply a Bayesian analysis to the results from surveys for radio pulsars in globular clusters and find the number of potentially observable non-recycled radio pulsars present in all clusters to be < 3600. Accounting for beaming and retention considerations,…
Star-to-star light-element abundance variations, know as multiple stellar populations (MPs), are common in almost all Galactic globular clusters. Recently, MPs have also been detected in a number of massive clusters with ages in excess of 2 Gyr in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), thus indicating that age is likely a control parameter for the presence of MPs. However, to conclusively confirm this notion, additional studies of star clusters in the LMC's `age gap' of 3--6 Gyr are required. Here, we use {\sl Hubble Space Telescope} observations to study the 3 Gyr-old cluster NGC 2121. Compared wi…
We present elemental abundance analysis of high-resolution spectra for five giant stars, deriving Fe, Mg, Al, C, N, O, Si and Ce abundances, and spatially located within the innermost regions of the bulge globular cluster NGC 6522, based on H-band spectra taken with the multi-object APOGEE-north spectrograph from the SDSS-IV Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) survey. Of the five cluster candidates, two previously unremarked stars are confirmed to have second-generation (SG) abundance patterns, with the basic pattern of depletion in C and Mg simultaneous with enrich…
In a Globular Cluster (GC), the mass loss during the red-giant branch (RGB) phase and the helium content are fundamental ingredients to constrain the horizontal branch (HB) morphology. While many papers have been dedicated to the helium abundance in the different stellar populations, small efforts have been done to disentangle the effects of mass loss and helium content. We exploit the nearby GC NGC6121 (M4), which hosts two well-studied main stellar populations, to infer both helium and RGB mass loss. We combine multi-band Hubble Space Telescope photometry of RGB and main sequence (MS) stars …
The location of Galactic Globular Clusters' (GC) stars on the horizontal branch (HB) should mainly depend on GC metallicity, the "first parameter", but it is actually the result of complex interactions between the red giant branch (RGB) mass loss, the coexistence of multiple stellar populations with different helium content, and the presence of a "second parameter" which produces dramatic differences in HB morphology of GCs of similar metallicity and ages (like the pair M3--M13). In this work, we combine the entire dataset from the Hubble Space Telescope Treasury survey and stellar evolutionar…
The Gradients in the 47 Tuc Red Giant Branch Bump and Horizontal Branch are Consistent With a Centrally-Concentrated, Helium-Enriched Second Stellar Generation
