47 Tuc红巨星分支凸块和水平分支中的折射率与中心集中，富含氦的第二代恒星一致
The Gradients in the 47 Tuc Red Giant Branch Bump and Horizontal Branch are Consistent With a Centrally-Concentrated, Helium-Enriched Second Stellar Generation
摘要：
我们结合地面和空间为基础的测光银河系球状星团47 Tuc测量四个独立的证据线的氦梯度在集群中，即在集群外围的恒星将有一个较低的初始氦丰度比恒星和集群核心附近。第一和第二，我们表明，红巨星分支凸（RGBB）的恒星表现出梯度，在他们的数量和亮度。随着与星团中心距离的增加，它们相对于其他红巨星（RG）的数量变得更多。它们也变得更微弱。对于我们的第三和第四行的证据，我们表明，水平分支（HB）的集群变得更暗，更红的视线远离集群中心。这四个结果分别在2.3 $σ$、3.6 $σ$、7.7 $σ$和4.1 $σ$水平下检测。这些独立的证据线中的每一个被发现是显着的集群郊区，更接近，数据是更兼容的均匀混合。我们的径向配置文件是定性一致的，但定量比以前的结果更严格的CN吸收的基础上。这些观测结果在质量上与这样一种情况是一致的，即第二代恒星具有适度增强的氦和CNO丰度，形成于具有更多典型丰度的前一代恒星集群的引力势深处。
英文摘要：
We combine ground and space-based photometry of the Galactic globular cluster 47 Tuc to measure four independent lines of evidence for a helium gradient in the cluster, whereby stars in the cluster outskirts would have a lower initial helium abundance than stars in and near the cluster core. First and second, we show that the red giant branch bump (RGBB) stars exhibit gradients in their number counts and brightness. With increased separation from the cluster center, they become more numerous relative to the other red giant (RG) stars. They also become fainter. For our third and fourth lines of evidence, we show that the horizontal branch (HB) of the cluster becomes both fainter and redder for sightlines farther from the cluster center. These four results are respectively detected at the 2.3$σ$, 3.6$σ$, 7.7$σ$ and 4.1$σ$ levels. Each of these independent lines of evidence is found to be significant in the cluster-outskirts; closer in, the data are more compatible with uniform mixing. Our radial profile is qualitatively consistent with but quantitatively tighter than previous results based on CN absorption. These observations are qualitatively consistent with a scenario wherein a second generation of stars with modestly enhanced helium and CNO abundance formed deep within the gravitational potential of a cluster of previous generation stars having more canonical abundances.
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