Proximity effect is a very powerful approach and has been widely applied to induce electron correlations such as: superconductivity, magnetism and spin-orbit effects at the interface of heterostructure quantum materials. However, proximity induced charge density wave (CDW) state has remained elusive. We report the first observation of a novel proximity induced CDW within a graphene layer that is deposited on 1T-TaS2 crystal. By using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy to probe the interface of the graphene/1T-TaS2 heterostructure together with theoretical modeling, we show that the interactions between the Dirac-like carriers in graphene and the correlated electrons in 1T-TaS2 induce a periodic charge density modulation within graphene and modify the band structure at the surface of 1T-TaS2, resulting in a 7.5% reduction of its gap size. Our results provide a new platform to manipulate the electron charge correlations in heterostructures.
Superconducting proximity effects in graphene have received a great deal of attention for over a decade now. This has unveiled a plethora of exotic effects linked to the specificities of graphene's electronic properties. The vast majority of the related studies are based on conventional, low-temperature superconducting metals with isotropic $s$-wave pairing. Here we review recent advances made on the less studied case of unconventional high-temperature superconducting cuprates. These are characterized by an anisotropic $d$-wave pairing, whose interplay with Dirac electrons yields very rich phy…
We investigate collective spin excitations in graphene with proximity-induced spin-orbit coupling (SOC) of the Rashba and valley-Zeeman types, as it is the case, e.g., for graphene on transition- metal-dichalcogenide substrates. It is shown that, even in the absence of an external magnetic field, such a system supports collective modes, which correspond to coupled oscillations of the uniform and valley-staggered magnetizations. These modes can be detected via both zero-field electron spin resonance (ESR) and zero-field electric-dipole spin resonance (EDSR), with EDSR response coming solely fro…
Proximity-Induced Spin-Orbit Coupling in Graphene-Bi$_{1.5}$Sb$_{0.5}$Te$_{1.7}$Se$_{1.3}$ Heterostructures
邻近耦合可以极大地增强石墨烯中微弱的本征自旋轨道耦合。在这里，我们报告的邻近诱导的自旋轨道耦合在石墨烯的六方氮化硼（hBN）转移到拓扑绝缘体Bi $_{1.5}$ Sb $_{0.5}$ Te $_{1.7}$ Se $_{1.3}$（BSTS），这是生长在hBN衬底上的气相固体合成。相位相干传输测量，揭示弱本地化，使我们能够提取的载波密度依赖的相位相干长度$l_ϕ$。虽然$l_ϕ$随着hBN/石墨烯/hBN参比样品中载流子密度的增加而增加，但由于BSTS与石墨烯的邻近偶联，其在BSTS/石墨烯中降低。后者的行为的结果从D 'yakonov-Perel型自旋散射在石墨烯与一个大的邻近诱导的自旋轨道耦合强度至少为2.5 meV。
Proximity-induced fine features and spin-textures of the electronic bands in graphene-based van der Waals heterostructures can be explored from the point of tailoring a twist angle. Here we study spin-orbit coupling and exchange coupling engineering of graphene states in the proximity of 1T-TaS$_2$ not triggering the twist, but a charge density wave in 1T-TaS$_2$-a realistic low-temperature phase. Using density functional theory and effective model we found that the emergence of the charge density wave in 1T-TaS$_2$ significantly enhances Rashba spin-orbit splitting in graphene and tilts the s…
Coupling graphene's excellent electron and spin transport properties with higher spin-orbit coupling material allows tackling the hurdle of spin manipulation in graphene, due to the proximity to van-der-Waals layers. Here we use magneto transport measurements to study the electron spin resonance on a combined system of graphene and MoS2 at 1.5K. The electron spin resonance measurements are performed in the frequency range of 18-33GHz, which allows us to determine the g-factor in the system. We measure average g-factor of 1.91 for our hybrid system which is a considerable shift compared to what…
Van der Waals heterostructures composed of multiple few layer crystals allow the engineering of novel materials with predefined properties. As an example, coupling graphene weakly to materials with large spin orbit coupling (SOC) allows to engineer a sizeable SOC in graphene via proximity effects. The strength of the proximity effect depends on the overlap of the atomic orbitals, therefore, changing the interlayer distance via hydrostatic pressure can be utilized to enhance the interlayer coupling between the layers. In this work, we report measurements on a graphene/WSe$_2$ heterostructure ex…
We demonstrate that electronic and magnetic properties of graphene can be tuned via proximity of multiferroic substrate. Our first-principles calculations performed both with and without spin-orbit coupling clearly show that by contacting graphene with bismuth ferrite BiFeO$_3$ (BFO) film, the spin-dependent electronic structure of graphene is strongly impacted both by the magnetic order and by electric polarization in the underlying BFO. Based on extracted Hamiltonian parameters obtained from the graphene band structure, we propose a concept of six-resistance device based on exploring multife…
在普通绝缘体的表面出现拓扑保护态是一种罕见的现象，迄今为止，只有少数材料具有这种性质。一个有趣的问题是关于在不同材料之间形成拓扑保护界面的可能性。在这里，我们提出，拓扑相可以通过与三维拓扑绝缘体Bi $_2$ Se $_3$接近而转移到石墨烯。利用密度泛函和输运理论，我们证明了在石墨烯/Bi $_2$ Se $_3$界面处，在化学键形成的边缘，形成了杂化态.该态在$Γ$点处具有Dirac-cone-like色散，并具有明确的螺旋自旋织构，表明其拓扑保护性质。这表明邻近性可以将拓扑相从Bi $_2$ Se $_3$转移到石墨烯。
We theoretically study the proximity spin-orbit coupling in graphene on transition-metal dichalcogenides monolayer stacked with arbitrary twist angles. We find that the relative rotation greatly enhances the spin splitting of graphene, typically by a few to ten times compared to the non-rotated geometry,and the maximum splitting is achieved around $20^\circ$. The induced SOC can be changed from the Zeeman-type to the Rashba-type by rotation. The spin-splitting is also quite sensitive to the gate-induced potential, and it sharply rises when the graphene's Dirac point is shifted toward the TMDC …
Approaching quantum anomalous Hall effect in proximity-coupled YIG/graphene/h-BN sandwich structure
在足够强的交换作用和自旋轨道相互作用下，量子反常霍尔态有望在Dirac电子系统（如石墨烯）中出现。在原始石墨烯中，两种相互作用都不存在;然而，如异常霍尔效应所揭示的，通过将石墨烯耦合到磁性绝缘体（MI）可以获得两种相互作用。在这里，我们展示了通过在亚铁磁绝缘体钇铁石榴石（YIG）和六方氮化硼（h-BN）之间嵌入石墨烯来增强的磁邻近耦合，所述六方氮化硼也用作顶栅电介质。通过扫描顶栅电压，我们观察到费米能级依赖的反常霍尔电导。当从电子和空穴两侧接近狄拉克点时，反常霍尔电导达到量子反常霍尔电导2 e ~ 2/h的1/4。的交换耦合强度被确定为高达27毫电子伏的诱导磁相的转变温度。YIG/graphene/h-BN是一种很好的异质结材料，可以用来研究二维电子系统中的邻近诱导相互作用。
The extreme versatility of two-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) materials derives from their ability to exhibit new electronic properties when assembled in proximity with dissimilar crystals. For example, although graphene is inherently non-magnetic, recent work has reported a magnetic proximity effect in graphene interfaced with magnetic substrates, potentially enabling a pathway towards achieving a high-temperature quantum anomalous Hall effect. Here, we investigate heterostructures of graphene and chromium trihalide magnetic insulators (CrI$_3$, CrBr$_3$, and CrCl$_3$). Surprisingly, we are …
Depositing magnetic insulators on graphene has been a promising route to introduce magnetism via exchange proximity interaction in graphene for future spintronics applications. Molecule-based magnets may offer unique opportunities because of their synthesis versatility. Here, we investigated the magnetic proximity effect of epitaxial iron phthalocyanine (FePc) molecules on high-quality monolayer and bilayer graphene devices on hexagonal boron nitride substrate by probing the local and non-local transport. Although the FePc molecules introduce large hole doping effects combined with mobility de…
Compared to monolayer graphene, electrons in Bernal-stacked bilayer graphene (BLG) have an additional layer degree of freedom, offering a platform for developing {\it layered spintronics} with the help of proximity-induced magnetism. Based on an effective phenomenological model, we systematically study the effect of this magnetism on the spin-dependent band structure near the Fermi energy and identify the magnetic phases induced in BLG by proximity with magnets. We show that spin polarization can develop in BLG due to this proximity effect. This spin polarization depends strongly on the layer …
We report on first-principle calculations on magnetic proximity effect in a van der Waals heterostructure formed by a graphene monolayer induced by its interaction with a two-dimensional (2D) ferromagnet (chromium tribromide, CrBr3). We observe that the magnetic proximity effect arising from the spin-dependent interlayer coupling depends sensitively on the interlayer electronic configuration. The proximity effect results in spin polarization of graphene orbital by up to 63.6 %, together with a miniband splitting band gap of about 73.4 meV and 8% enhancement in magnetic moment (3.47$μ$B/cell) i…
Proximity-induced giant spin-orbit interaction in epitaxial graphene on topological insulator
Dirac材料的异质结构，如石墨烯和拓扑绝缘体，为探索固体中电子的奇异量子态提供了有趣的平台。本文采用密度泛函理论和紧束缚方法研究了石墨烯-Sb 2 Te 3异质结构的电子结构。我们发现，在Sb 2 Te 3上的外延石墨烯由于其接近拓扑绝缘Sb 2 Te 3而转变为量子自旋霍尔相。发现外延石墨烯发展出约~20 meV的巨大自旋-轨道能隙，这比原始石墨烯的自旋-轨道能隙大约三个数量级。我们讨论了这种增强的自旋-轨道相互作用的起源和可能的结果的自旋霍尔阶段在石墨烯。
Graphene holds promises for exploring exotic superconductivity with Dirac-like fermions. Making graphene a superconductor at large scales is however a long-lasting challenge. A possible solution relies on epitaxially-grown graphene, using a superconducting substrate. Such substrates are scarce, and usually destroy the Dirac character of the electronic band structure. Using electron diffraction (reflection high-energy, and low-energy), scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and density functional th…
The negligible intrinsic spin-orbit coupling (SOC) in graphene can be enhanced by proximity effects in stacked heterostructures of graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs). The composition of the TMDC layer plays a key role in determining the nature and strength of the resultant SOC induced in the graphene layer. Here, we study the evolution of the proximity-induced SOC as the TMDC layer is deliberately defected. Alloyed ${\rm G/W_χMo_{1-χ}Se_2}$ heterostructures with diverse compositions ($χ$) and defect distributions are simulated using density functional theory. Comparison with…
We investigate the twist-angle and gate dependence of the proximity exchange coupling in twisted graphene on monolayer Cr$_2$Ge$_2$Te$_6$ from first principles. The proximitized Dirac band dispersions of graphene are fitted to a model Hamiltonian, yielding effective sublattice-resolved proximity-induced exchange parameters ($λ_{\textrm{ex}}^\textrm{A}$ and $λ_{\textrm{ex}}^\textrm{B}$) for a series of twist angles between 0$^{\circ}$ and 30$^{\circ}$. For aligned layers (0$^{\circ}$ twist angle), the exchange coupling of graphene is the same on both sublattices, $λ_{\textrm{ex}}^\textrm{A} \ap…
Two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals heterostructures serve as a promising platform to exploit various physical phenomena in a diverse range of novel spintronic device applications. The efficient spin injection is the prerequisite for these devices. The recent discovery of magnetic 2D materials leads to the possibility of fully 2D van der Waals spintronics devices by implementing spin injection through magnetic proximity effect (MPE). Here, we report the investigation of magnetic proximity effect in 2D CrBr3/graphene van der Waals heterostructures, which is probed by Zeeman spin Hall effect thro…
We study the electronic structure of heterostructures formed by a graphene nanoribbon (GNR) and a transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) monolayer using first-principles. We consider both semiconducting TMDs and metallic TMDs, and different stacking configurations. We find that when the TMD is semiconducting the effects on the band structure of the GNRs are small. In particular the spin-splitting induced by proximity on the GNRs bands is only of the order of few meV irrespective of the stacking configuration. When the TMD is metallic, such as NbSe2, we find that the spin-splitting induced in t…
Room-temperature spin-lifetime anisotropy exceeding 60 in bilayer graphene spin valves proximity coupled to WSe$_2$
nd Institute of Physics and JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University（亚琛工业大学第二物理研究所和JARA-FIT）；Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich（于利希研究中心彼得·格林贝格研究所（PGI-9））
We investigate the proximity spin-orbit and exchange couplings in ABA and ABC trilayer graphene encapsulated within monolayers of semiconducting transition-metal dichalcogenides and the ferromagnetic semiconductor Cr$_2$Ge$_2$Te$_6$. Employing first-principles calculations we obtain the electronic structures of the multilayer stacks and extract the relevant proximity-induced orbital and spin interaction parameters by fitting the low-energy bands to model Hamiltonians. We also demonstrate the tunability of the proximity effects by a transverse electric field. Using the model Hamiltonians we als…
The induced-proximity effects of nearly commensurate lattice structure of a graphene layer on Ni(111) and Co(0001) substrates in the AC stacking configuration are addressed through an analytical tight-binding approach within the Slater-Koster method. A minimal Hamiltonian is constructed by considering the hybridizations of the magnetic $3d$-orbitals of Ni(Co) atoms with the $p_z$-orbitals of graphene, in addition to the atomic spin-orbit coupling and the magnetization of the Ni(Co) atoms. A low-energy effective Hamiltonian for graphene/Ni(Co) describing the perturbed $π$-bands in the vicinity …
Spin Proximity Effects in Graphene/Topological Insulator Heterostructures
通过拓扑绝缘体的邻近效应增强石墨烯中的自旋轨道相互作用，可以创建一种新颖的2D系统，该系统将非平凡的自旋纹理与高电子迁移率相结合。为了设计具有这种石墨烯/拓扑绝缘体（Gr/TI）异质结构的实际自旋电子学应用，对混合自旋相关性质的理解是必不可少的。{然而，迄今为止，尽管大量的实验研究Gr/TI异质结报告了各种各样的显着的（自旋）输运现象，很少有人知道的真实性质的自旋纹理的界面状态，以及它们的作用上的测量性能。在这里，我们使用{ \it从头计算}模拟和紧束缚模型来确定与Bi $_2$ Se $_3$拓扑绝缘体连接的石墨烯中电子态的精确自旋纹理。我们的计算预测了石墨烯层中巨大的自旋寿命各向异性的出现，这应该是Gr/TI异质结构中自旋输运的可测量标志，并提出了新型自旋器件
We demonstrate the existence of Giant proximity magnetoresistance (PMR) effect in a graphene spin valve where spin polarization is induced by a nearby magnetic insulator. PMR calculations were performed for yttrium iron garnet (YIG), cobalt ferrite (CFO), and two europium chalcogenides EuO and EuS. We find a significant PMR (up to 100%) values defined as a relative change of graphene conductance with respect to parallel and antiparallel alignment of two proximity induced magnetic regions within graphene. Namely, for high Curie temperature (Tc) CFO and YIG insulators which are particularly impo…
The so-called spin-orbit proximity effect experimentally realized in graphene (G) on several different heavy metal surfaces opens a new perspective to engineer the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) for new generation spintronics devices. Here, via large-scale density functional theory (DFT) calculations performed for two distinct graphene/metal models, G/Pt(111) and G/Au/Ni(111), we show that the spin-orbit splitting of the Dirac cones (DCs) in these stuctures might be enhanced by either adsorption of adatoms on top of graphene (decoration) or between the graphene and the metal (intercalation). While …
We investigate an effective model of proximity modified graphene (or symmetrylike materials) with broken time-reversal symmetry. We predict the appearance of quantum anomalous Hall phases by computing bulk band gap and Chern numbers for benchmark combinations of system parameters. Allowing for staggered exchange field enables quantum anomalous Hall effect in flat graphene with Chern number $C=1$. We explicitly show edge states in zigzag and armchair nanoribbons and explore their localization behavior. Remarkably, the combination of staggered intrinsic spin-orbit and uniform exchange coupling g…
