We report new Northern Extended Millimeter Array (NOEMA) observations of the [CII], [NII] and [OI] atomic fine structure lines and dust continuum emission of J1148+5251, a z=6.42 quasar, that probe the physical properties of its interstellar medium (ISM). The radially-averaged [CII] and dust continuum emission have similar extensions (up to $θ= 2.51^{+0.46}_{-0.25}\ \rm{arcsec}$, corresponding to $r= 9.8^{+3.3}_{-2.1}\ \rm{kpc}$ accounting for beam-convolution), confirming that J1148+5251 is the quasar with the largest [CII]-emitting has reservoir known at these epochs.Moreover, if the [CII] emission is examined only along its NE-SW axis, a significant excess ($>5.8σ$) of [CII] emission (with respect to the dust) is detected. The new wide--bandwidth observations enable us to accurately constrain the continuum emission, and do not statistically require the presence of broad [CII] line wings that were reported in previous studies. We also report the first detection of the [OI] and (tentatively) [NII] emission lines in J1148+5251. Using Fine Structure Lines (FSL) ratios of the [CII], [NII], [OI] and previously measured [CI] emission lines, we show that J1148+5251 has similar ISM conditions compared to lower--redshift (ultra)-luminous infrared galaxies. CLOUDY modelling of the FSL ratios exclude X--ray dominated regions (XDR) and favours photodissociation regions (PDR) as the origin of the FSL emission. We find that a high radiation field ($10^{3.5-4.5}\,G_0$), high gas density ($n \simeq 10^{3.5-4.5}\, \rm{cm}^{-3}$) and HI column density of $10^{23} \,\rm{cm^{-2}}$ reproduce the observed FSL ratios well.
Aims. We aim to investigate the I([CII]) versus I([NII]) integrated intensity behavior in the AF region in order to assess the [CII] emission contribution from the H II region, which is traced by [NII] line observations, and PDR components in the high-metallicity environment of the GC. Methods. We used [CII] 158 um and [NII] 205 um fine-structure line observations of the AF in the literature to compare their observational integrated intensity distribution to semi-theoretical predictions for the contribution of H II regions and adjacent PDRs to the observed [CII] emission. We explored variation…
We present the results from ALMA observations of [NII]205 micron, [CII]158 micron, and [OII]88 micron lines in an unlensed submillimeter galaxy at z=4.3, COSMOS-AzTEC-1, hosting a compact starburst core with an effective radius of 1 kpc. The [CII] and [NII] emission are spatially-resolved in 0.3 arcsec-resolution (1 kpc in radius). The kinematic properties of the [NII] emission are consistent with those of the CO(4-3) and [CII] emission, suggesting that the ionized gas feels the same gravitational potential as the associated molecular gas and photodissociation regions (PDRs). On the other hand…
Understanding the process of quenching is one of the major open questions in galaxy evolution, and crucial insights may be obtained by studying quenched galaxies at high redshifts, at epochs when the Universe and the galaxies were younger and simpler to model. However, establishing the degree of quiescence in high redshift galaxies is a challenging task. One notable example is Hyde, a recently discovered galaxy at z=3.709. As compact (r~0.5 kpc) and massive (M*~1e11 Msun) as its quenched neighbor Jekyll, it is also extremely obscured yet only moderately luminous in the sub-millimeter. Panchrom…
The brightest observed emission line in many star-forming galaxies is the [CII] 158 micron line, making it detectable up to z~7. In order to better understand and quantify the [CII] emission as a tracer of star-formation, the theoretical ratio between the [NII] 205 micron emission and the [CII] 158 micron emission has been employed to empirically determine the fraction of [CII] emission that originates from the ionized and neutral phases of the ISM. Sub-kiloparsec measurements of the [CII] 158 micron and [NII] 205 micron line in nearby galaxies have recently become available as part of the Key…
We present Atacama Compact Array and Atacama Pathfinder Experiment observations of the [N II] 205 $μ$m fine-structure line in 40 sub-millimetre galaxies lying at redshifts z = 3 to 6, drawn from the 2500 deg$^2$ South Pole Telescope survey. This represents the largest uniformly selected sample of high-redshift [N II] 205 $μ$m measurements to date. 29 sources also have [C II] 158 $μ$m line observations allowing a characterization of the distribution of the [C II] to [N II] luminosity ratio for the first time at high-redshift. The sample exhibits a median L$_{[C II]}$ /L$_{[N II]}$ $\approx$ 11 …
The [CII] fine-structure transition at 158 micron is frequently the brightest far-infrared line in galaxies. Due to its low ionization potential, C+ can trace the ionized, atomic, and molecular phases of the ISM. We present velocity resolved [CII] and [NII] pointed observations from SOFIA/GREAT on ~500 pc scales in the nearby galaxies M101 and NGC 6946 and investigate the multi-phase origin of [CII] emission over a range of environments. We show that ionized gas makes a negligible contribution to the [CII] emission in these positions using [NII] observations. We spectrally decompose the [CII] …
We present our new ALMA observations targeting [OIII]88um, [CII]158um, [NII]122um, and dust continuum emission for three Lyman break galaxies at z=6.0293-6.2037 identified in the Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam survey. We clearly detect [OIII] and [CII] lines from all of the galaxies at 4.3-11.8sigma levels, and identify multi-band dust continuum emission in two of the three galaxies, allowing us to estimate infrared luminosities and dust temperatures simultaneously. In conjunction with previous ALMA observations for six galaxies at z>6, we confirm that all the nine z=6-9 galaxies have high [OIII]/[C…
Collisional Excitation of the [CII] Fine Structure Transition in Interstellar Clouds
我们分析了碰撞激发的158微米（1900.5 GHz）的精细结构转变的离子化碳（C+）的线强度由简单的云模型。单个C+精细结构跃迁是原子星际介质和光子控制区的一种非常重要的冷却剂，其中碳部分或完全处于电离形式。[CII]线被广泛用作银河系和其他星系中恒星形成的示踪剂。[CII]精细结构跃迁的激发可以通过与氢分子、原子和电子的碰撞。用Herschel上的HIFI仪器和SOFIA上的GREAT仪器对[CII]进行速度分辨观测已经成为可能。这些观测结果的分析是复杂的事实，这是很难确定的[CII]线的光学深度，由于相对薄弱和混合的组件的类似过渡的13 C $+。我们讨论了[CII]线的激发和辐射跃迁，推导出几种极限情况下的分析结果，并使用大速度梯度模型进行数值求解，以进行更全面的分析。我们表明，天线温度高达1/3的气体动力学温度的亮度温度，天线温度是线性成比例的柱密度的C+的过渡，这可以被称为有效光学薄（EOT）近似的光学深度无关。我们审查的临界密度激发的[CII]线的各种碰撞伙伴。我们简要地分析了C+吸收，最后讨论了C+冷却，以及线强度的考虑如何影响ISM的这一重要冷却剂的行为。
The [CII] $158\,μ\mathrm{m}$ fine-structure line is one of the dominant coolants of the neutral interstellar medium. It is hence one of the brightest far-infrared emission lines and can be observed not only in star-forming regions throughout the Galaxy, but also in the diffuse interstellar medium and in distant galaxies. [CII] line emission has been suggested to be a powerful tracer of star-formation. We aim to understand the origin of [CII] emission and its relation to other tracers of interstellar gas and dust. This includes a study of the heating efficiency of interstellar gas as traced by …
Velocity resolved [CII], [CI], and CO observations of the N159 star-forming region in the Large Magellanic Cloud: a complex velocity structure and variation of the column densities
Warm ISM in the Sgr A Complex. I: Mid-J CO, atomic carbon, ionized atomic carbon,and ionized nitrogen sub-mm/FIR line observations with the Herschel-HIFI and NANTEN2/SMART telescopes
We present a sub-kpc resolved study of the interstellar medium properties in SDP.81, a z=3.042 strongly gravitationally lensed dusty star-forming galaxy, based on high-resolution, multi-band ALMA observations of the FIR continuum, CO ladder and the [CII] line. Using a visibility-plane lens modelling code, we achieve a median source-plane resolution of ~200 pc. We use photon-dominated region (PDR) models to infer the physical conditions - far-UV field strength, density, and PDR surface temperature - of the star-forming gas on 200-pc scales, finding a FUV field strength of ~10^3-10^4 G0, gas den…
We present the [CII] 157.7 micron map of galaxy NGC 7331 obtained with FIFI-LS on SOFIA. This map extends an existent Herschel/PACS observation of the central strip of the galaxy to encompass the entire molecular ring and much of the disk, including multiple spiral arms with intense far-IR emission. We also present Herschel archival data of the [NII] 205 micron line which covers a substantial part of the [CII] SOFIA observations and allows us to estimate the neutral fraction of the [CII] emission along the ring and disk of the galaxy. We find that the neutral fraction rises with the distance f…
We present new observations with the Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array of the 122um and 205um fine-structure line emission of singly-ionised nitrogen in a strongly lensed starburst galaxy at z=2.6. The 122/205um [NII] line ratio is sensitive to electron density, n_e, in the ionised interstellar medium, and we use this to measure n_e~300cm^-3 averaged across the galaxy. This is over an order of magnitude higher than the Milky Way average, but comparable to localised Galactic star-forming regions. Combined with observations of the atomic carbon (CI(1-0)) and carbon monoxide (CO(4-3))…
We present new Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of the [CII] 158 $μ$m transition and the dust continuum in HZ4, a typical star-forming galaxy when the Universe was only $\sim1$ Gyr old ($z\approx5.5$). Our high $\approx0.3$'' spatial resolution allow us to study the relationships between [CII] line emission, star formation rate (SFR), and far-infrared (FIR) emission on spatial scales of $\sim2$ kpc. In the central $\sim$4 kpc of HZ4, the [CII]/FIR ratio is $\sim3\times10^{-3}$ on global scales as well as on spatially-resolved scales of $\sim$2 kpc, comparable to…
We study the structure of spatially resolved, line-of-sight velocity dispersion for galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) traced by [CII] $158μ\rm{m}$ line emission. Our laboratory is a simulated prototypical Lyman-break galaxy, "Freesia", part of the SERRA suite. The analysis encompasses the redshift range 6 < z < 8, when Freesia is in a very active assembling phase. We build velocity dispersion maps for three dynamically distinct evolutionary stages (Spiral Disk at z=7.4, Merger at z=8.0, and Disturbed Disk at z=6.5) using [CII] hyperspectral data cubes. We find that, at a high spatial…
We use ALMA observations of the host galaxy of the quasar ULAS-J1342+0928 at z=7.54 to study the dust continuum and far infrared lines emitted from its interstellar medium. The Rayleigh-Jeans tail of the dust continuum is well sampled with eight different spectral setups, and from a modified black body fit we obtain an emissivity coefficient of beta=1.85+-0.3. Assuming a standard dust temperature of 47 K we derive a dust mass of Mdust=0.35x10^8 Msol and a star formation rate of 150+-30 Msol/yr. We have >4sigma detections of the [CII]_158, [OIII]_88 and [NII]_122 atomic fine structure lines and…
Pre-perihelion evolution of the NiI/FeI abundance ratio in the coma of the interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS. From extreme to normal
Université de Liège（列日大学）；University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学）；Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile（智利天主教 Pontificia 大学）；University of Canterbury（坎特伯雷大学）；University of Helsinki（赫尔辛基大学）
Molecular hydrogen clouds are a key component of the interstellar medium because they are the birthplaces for stars. They are embedded in atomic gas that pervades the interstellar space. However, the details of how molecular clouds assemble from and interact with the atomic gas are still largely unknown. As a result of new observations of the 158~$μ$m line of ionized carbon CII in the Cygnus region within the FEEDBACK program on SOFIA (Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy), we present compelling evidence that CII unveils dynamic interactions between cloud ensembles. This process is…
We present a novel method to simultaneously characterise the star formation law and the interstellar medium properties of galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) through the combination of [CII] 158$μ$m (and its known relation with star formation rate) and CIII]$λ$1909Å emission line data. The method, based on a Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm, allows to determine the target galaxy average density, $n$, gas metallicity, $Z$, and burstiness parameter, $κ_s$, quantifying deviations from the Kennicutt-Schmidt relation. As an application, we consider COS-3018 (z=6.854), the only EoR Lyman B…
We present ALMA observations of the [CII] 158 $μ$m fine structure line and dust continuum emission from two quasars, SDSS J104433.04-012502.2 and SDSS J012958.51-003539.7, at z=5.78. The ALMA observations at 0.2'' resolution map the dust and gas on kpc scales. The spatially resolved emission shows a similar trend of decreasing [CII]-FIR ratios with increasing FIR surface brightnesses as was found in the infrared luminous galaxies with intense star formation. We confirm the velocity gradients of [CII] emission found previously in SDSS J0129-0035. No clear evidence of order motion is detected in…
Our understanding of how molecular clouds form in the interstellar medium (ISM) would be greatly helped if we had a reliable observational tracer of the gas flows responsible for forming the clouds. Fine structure emission from singly ionised and neutral carbon ([CII], [CI]) and rotational line emission from CO are all observed to be associated with molecular clouds. However, it remains unclear whether any of these tracers can be used to study the inflow of gas onto an assembling cloud, or whether they primarily trace the cloud once it has already assembled. In this paper, we address this issu…
Ionized interstellar gas is an important component of the interstellar medium and its lifecycle. The recent evidence for a widely distributed highly ionized warm interstellar gas with a density intermediate between the warm ionized medium (WIM) and compact HII regions suggests that there is a major gap in our understanding of the interstellar gas. Here we investigate the properties of the dense warm ionized medium (D-WIM) in the Milky Way using spectrally resolved SOFIA GREAT [NII] 205 micron line emission and Green Bank Telescope hydrogen radio recombination lines (RRL) data, supplemented by …
We present new Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array Band 7 observational results of a Lyman break galaxy at $ z=7.15 $, B14-65666 ("Big Three Dragons"), which is an object detected in [OIII] 88 $\rm{μm}$, [CII] 158 $\rm{μm}$, and dust-continuum emission during the epoch of reionization. Our targets are the [NII] 122 $\rm{μm}$ fine-structure emission line and underlying 120 $\rm{μm}$ dust continuum. The dust continuum is detected with a $ \sim $19$ σ$ significance. From far-infrared spectral energy distribution sampled at 90, 120, and 160 $\rm{μm}$, we obtaine a best-fit dust temperatur…
We present high spatial resolution (0.4", 2.2kpc) observations of the CO(6-5), CO(7-6) and [CI] lines and dust continuum emission from the interstellar medium in the host galaxy of the quasar J0305$-$3150 at $z=6.6$. These, together with archival [CII] data at comparable spatial resolution, enable studies of the spatial distribution and kinematics between the ISM in different phases. When comparing the radial profiles of CO, [CII] and the dust continuum, we find that the CO and dust continuum exhibit similar spatial distributions, both of which are less extended than the [CII], indicating that…
We study the interstellar medium in a sample of 27 high-redshift quasar host galaxies at z>6, using the [CII] 158um emission line and the underlying dust continuum observed at ~1kpc resolution with ALMA. By performing uv-plane spectral stacking of both the high and low spatial resolution data, we investigate the spatial and velocity extent of gas, and the size of the dust-emitting regions. We find that the average surface brightness profile of both the [CII] and the dust continuum emission can be described by a steep component within a radius of 2kpc, and a shallower component with a scale len…
The Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) provides the only laboratory to study the structure of molecular gas at high resolution and low metallicity. We present results from the Herschel Spectroscopic Survey of the SMC (HS$^{3}$), which mapped the key far-IR cooling lines [CII], [OI], [NII], and [OIII] in five star-forming regions, and new ALMA 7m-array maps of $^{12}$CO and $^{13}$CO $(2-1)$ with coverage overlapping four of the five HS$^{3}$ regions. We detect [CII] and [OI] throughout all of the regions mapped. The data allow us to compare the structure of the molecular clouds and surrounding photo…
Measuring Interstellar Carbon Abundance via 158 um [CII] Absorption with SOFIA -- A Potential Detection, and Proof-of-Concept for Depletion Studies with Future Far-IR Facilities
The [CII] deficit, which describes the observed decrease in the ratio of [CII] 158 micron emission to continuum infrared emission in galaxies with high star formation surface densities, places a significant challenge to the interpretation of [CII] detections from across the observable universe. In an attempt to further decode the cause of the [CII] deficit, the [CII] and dust continuum emission from 18 Local Volume galaxies has been split based on conditions within the interstellar medium where it originated. This is completed using the Key Insights in Nearby Galaxies: a Far-Infrared Survey wi…
We report on the detection of the [CII] 157.7 $μ$m emission from the Lyman break galaxy (LBG) MACS0416_Y1 at z = 8.3113, by using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). The luminosity ratio of [OIII] 88 $μ$m (from previous campaigns) to [CII] is 9.31 $\pm$ 2.6, indicative of hard interstellar radiation fields and/or a low covering fraction of photo-dissociation regions. The emission of [CII] is cospatial to the 850 $μ$m dust emission (90 $μ$m rest-frame, from previous campaigns), however the peak [CII] emission does not agree with the peak [OIII] emission, suggesting that the…
Origin and evolution of NiI and FeI in the coma of the interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS throughout its trajectory
Université de Liège（列日大学）；University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学）；Université Catholique de Louvain（天主教鲁汶大学）；University of Canterbury（坎特伯雷大学）；Auburn University（奥本大学）；University of Helsinki（赫尔辛基大学）；University of Padova（帕多瓦大学）
研究揭示了镍和铁在星际彗星3I/ATLAS彗核 coma 中的起源与演化，发现其金属产量显著高于太阳系彗星，并提出羰基假说解释其形成机制。
We present deep high resolution (0.03", 200pc) ALMA Band 7 observations covering the dust continuum and [CII] $\lambda157.7μ$m emission in four $z\sim4.4-4.8$ sub-millimeter galaxies (SMGs) selected from the ALESS and AS2UDS surveys. The data show that the rest-frame 160$μ$m (observed 345 GHz) dust emission is consistent with smooth morphologies on kpc scales for three of the sources. One source, UDS47.0, displays apparent substructure but this is also consistent with a smooth morphology, as indicated by simulations showing that smooth exponential disks can appear clumpy when observed at high …
