NOEMA对GN-z11的观测：在宇宙再电离核心z=10.6处约束中性星际介质与尘埃形成
NOEMA observations of GN-z11: Constraining Neutral Interstellar Medium and Dust Formation in the Heart of Cosmic Reionization at $z=10.6$
AI总结：
利用NOEMA对z=10.6的GN-z11进行深毫米观测，未探测到尘埃连续谱和[CII]线，给出尘埃质量与分子气体质量上限，表明该星系尘埃贫乏，需更深观测以研究早期宇宙尘埃形成。
摘要：
我们展示了对一个在z=10.603处异常紫外明亮（M_UV=-21.6）的星系GN-z11的尘埃连续谱和[CII] 158微米发射线观测结果。利用北方扩展毫米波阵列（NOEMA），我们在多个观测周期内进行了观测。我们实现了高灵敏度，在λ_rest=160微米连续谱上达到1σ深度为13.0微央斯基/波束，[CII]发射线在50公里/秒分箱和约2角秒综合波束下达到1σ灵敏度为31毫央斯基/波束·公里/秒。在预期的ν_[CII]=163.791吉赫频率和GN-z11的天空位置处，既未探测到尘埃连续谱，也未探测到[CII] 158微米发射线。上限表明GN-z11在L_IR和L_[CII]上均不明亮，尘埃质量3σ上限为log(M_dust/M_☉)<6.5-6.9，基于[CII]的分子气体质量3σ上限为log(M_mol,[CII]/M_☉)<9.3。结合辐射传输计算，我们还研究了GN-z11紫外连续谱蓝色（β_UV=-2.4）所显示的尘埃贫乏性质的可能原因，发现约3倍更深的观测对于研究极高红移处的尘埃产生至关重要。尽管如此，我们的观测显示了深毫米/亚毫米观测对极高红移星系在约束星际介质多个相态方面的关键作用。
英文摘要：
We present results of dust continuum and [CII]$\,158\,{\rm μm}$ emission line observations of a remarkably UV-luminous ($M_{\rm UV}=-21.6$) galaxy at $z=10.603$: GN-z11. Using the Northern Extended Millimeter Array (NOEMA), observations have been carried out over multiple observing cycles. We achieved a high sensitivity resulting in a $λ_{\rm rest}=160\,{\rm μm}$ continuum $1\,σ$ depth of $13.0\,\rm{μJy/beam}$ and a [CII] emission line $1\,σ$ sensitivity of $31\,\rm{mJy/beam\,km/s}$ using $50\,\rm{km/s}$ binning with a $\sim 2\,{\rm arcsec}$ synthesized beam. Neither dust continuum nor [CII]$\,158\,{\rm μm}$ line emission are detected at the expected frequency of $ν_{\rm [CII]} = 163.791\,\rm{GHz}$ and the sky location of GN-z11. The upper limits show that GN-z11 is neither luminous in $L_{\rm IR}$ nor $L_{\rm [CII]}$, with a dust mass $3\,σ$ limit of ${\rm log}(M_{\rm dust}/{\rm M_{\odot}}) < 6.5-6.9$ and with a [CII] based molecular gas mass $3\,σ$ limit of ${\rm log}(M_{\rm mol,[CII]}/{\rm M_{\odot}}) < 9.3$. Together with radiative transfer calculations, we also investigated the possible cause of the dust poor nature of the GN-z11 showed by the blue color in the UV continuum of GN-z11 ($β_{\rm UV}=-2.4$), and found that $\gtrsim3\times$ deeper observations are crucial to study dust production at very high-redshift. Nevertheless, our observations show the crucial role of deep mm/submm observations of very high redshift galaxies to constrain multiple phases in the interstellar medium.
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