We present an analysis of the quenching of star formation in galaxies, bulges, and disks throughout the bulk of cosmic history, from $z=2-0$. We utilise observations from the SDSS and MaNGA at low redshifts. We complement these data with observations from CANDELS at high redshifts. Additionally, we compare the observations to detailed predictions from the LGalaxies semi-analytic model. To analyse the data, we developed a machine learning approach utilising a Random Forest classifier. We first demonstrate that this technique is extremely effective at extracting causal insight from highly complex and inter-correlated model data, before applying it to various observational surveys. Our primary observational results are as follows: At all redshifts studied in this work, we find bulge mass to be the most predictive parameter of quenching, out of the photometric parameter set (incorporating bulge mass, disk mass, total stellar mass, and $B/T$ structure). Moreover, we also find bulge mass to be the most predictive parameter of quenching in both bulge and disk structures, treated separately. Hence, intrinsic galaxy quenching must be due to a stable mechanism operating over cosmic time, and the same quenching mechanism must be effective in both bulge and disk regions. Despite the success of bulge mass in predicting quenching, we find that central velocity dispersion is even more predictive (when available in spectroscopic data sets). In comparison to the LGalaxies model, we find that all of these observational results may be consistently explained through quenching via preventative `radio-mode' active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback. Furthermore, many alternative quenching mechanisms (including virial shocks, supernova feedback, and morphological stabilisation) are found to be inconsistent with our observational results and those from the literature.
The JWST EXCELS survey: Insights into the nature of quenching at cosmic noon
Johns Hopkins University（约翰斯·霍普金斯大学）；Space Telescope Science Institute（太空望远镜科学研究所）；University of St Andrews（圣安德鲁斯大学）；University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学）；University of Nottingham（诺丁汉大学）
Morphological and Star Formation Properties of Cosmic Noon Massive Quiescent Galaxies
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune（印度科学教育研究所浦那分校）；National Centre for Radio Astrophysics – Tata Institute of Fundamental Research（国家射电天体物理中心 - 塔塔基础研究院）
A SHARP Look at Quenching and Bulge-Disk Growth in Massive Galaxies at Cosmic Noon
INAF - Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, Milano（意大利国家天体物理研究所空间天体物理学与宇宙学天文台，米兰）；INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Paodva（意大利国家天体物理研究所帕多瓦天文台）；Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM（巴黎萨克雷大学、巴黎西岱大学、法国原子能和替代能源委员会、法国国家科学研究中心、天体物理学信息与方法实验室）；CEA Saclay, DFR/IRFU, Service d’Astrophysique（法国原子能和替代能源委员会萨克雷中心核研究与物理研究所天体物理服务部）；INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Arcetri（意大利国家天体物理研究所阿切特里天文台）；INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera（意大利国家天体物理研究所布雷拉天文台）；Department of Physics, Oxford University（牛津大学物理系）
Tracing Radio AGN-Driven Quenching in Post-Starburst Galaxies at Cosmic Noon
Johns Hopkins University（约翰斯·霍普金斯大学）；Space Telescope Science Institute（太空望远镜科学研究所）；AURA for ESA, Space Telescope Science Institute（欧洲空间局阿雷西博大学协会太空望远镜科学研究所）；University of Nottingham（诺丁汉大学）；University of St Andrews（圣安德鲁斯大学）；University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学）；European Southern Observatory (ESO)（欧洲南方天文台）
The onset of stellar bars at Cosmic Noon. Bar-driven quenching and AGN co-evolution in a mature disc galaxy
Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), CSIC-INTA（天体生物学中心）；Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de La Serena（拉塞雷纳大学天文系）；Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias（加那利群岛天体物理学研究所）；Departamento de Astrofísica de la Universidad de La Laguna（拉古纳大学天体物理学系）；Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad（马什哈德菲尔道西大学理学院物理系）；INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova（帕多瓦天文台）；Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova（帕多瓦大学伽利略物理与天文学系）
The Role of Environment in Shaping the Assembly Timelines of Massive Quiescent Galaxies at Cosmic Noon
ARC Centre of Excellence for All Sky Astrophysics in 3 Dimensions (ASTRO 3D)（ARC三维全天空天体物理学卓越中心）；INAF, Astrophysics and Space Science Observatory Bologna（意大利国家天体物理研究所博洛尼亚天文台）；Cavendish Laboratory - Astrophysics Group, University of Cambridge（剑桥大学卡文迪许实验室）；Institute for Computational & Data Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University（宾夕法尼亚州立大学计算与数据科学研究所）；Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos, The Pennsylvania State University（宾夕法尼亚州立大学引力与宇宙研究所）；Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile（智利大学天文学系）；Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University（澳大利亚国立大学天文与天体物理研究学院）；Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna（博洛尼亚大学物理与天文学系）
Dynamical properties and star formation history of a low-mass quenched galaxy at Cosmic Noon
Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)（宇宙黎明中心）；DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark（丹麦技术大学空间研究所）；DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen（哥本哈根大学尼尔斯·玻尔研究所）；Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI（国立天文台高等研究院天文学研究科）；National Astronomical Observatory of Japan（日本国立天文台）；ARC Centre of Excellence for All Sky Astrophysics in 3 Dimensions (ASTRO 3D)（ARC三维全天空天体物理学卓越中心）；Subaru Telescope（昴星团望远镜）
The role of mergers and rejuvenation in the buildup of the quiescent population at cosmic noon
School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nottingham（诺丁汉大学物理与天文学院）；Centre for Astrophysics Research, University of Hertfordshire（赫特福德大学天体物理学研究中心）；AURA for ESA, Space Telescope Science Institute（欧洲航天局AURA空间望远镜科学研究所）；School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews（圣安德鲁斯大学物理与天文学院）
LEGGOS I: The JWST LEGGOS Survey -- LEnsing and Galaxy Growth: Observing Substructures -- Unpacks the Nature of Clumpy Star Formation and Quenching in Gravitationally Lensed Galaxies beyond Cosmic Noon
University of Washington（华盛顿大学）；University of Pittsburgh（匹兹堡大学）；University of Arizona（亚利桑那大学）；Eureka Scientific（尤里卡科学公司）；University of Cincinnati（辛辛那提大学）；NASA Goddard Space Flight Center（美国国家航空航天局戈达德太空飞行中心）
Reconstructing the Assembly of Massive Galaxies. II. Galaxies Develop Massive and Dense Stellar Cores as They Evolve and Head Toward Quiescence at Cosmic Noon
The fundamental signature of star formation quenching from AGN feedback: A critical dependence of quiescence on supermassive black hole mass not accretion rate
The Blue Jay Survey: Deep JWST Spectroscopy for a Representative Sample of Galaxies at Cosmic Noon
Università di Bologna（博洛尼亚大学）；INAF, Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio（意大利国家天体物理研究所天文与空间科学观测站）；Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge（剑桥大学卡弗里宇宙学研究所）；Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge（剑桥大学卡文迪许实验室）；Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University（澳大利亚国立大学天文与天体物理研究学院）；ARC Centre of Excellence for All Sky Astrophysics in 3 Dimensions (ASTRO 3D)（ARC三维全天空天体物理卓越研究中心（ASTRO 3D））；Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology（斯威本科技大学天体物理与超级计算中心）；Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The Pennsylvania State University（宾夕法尼亚州立大学天文与天体物理系）；Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos, The Pennsylvania State University（宾夕法尼亚州立大学引力与宇宙学研究所）
Filling the Gap in Cluster Evolution: JWST's Glimpse into a Young, Star-Forming Cluster at Cosmic Noon
Space Telescope Science Institute（太空望远镜科学研究所）；Steward Observatory, University of Arizona（亚利桑那大学斯蒂沃德天文台）；AURA for the European Space Agency (ESA)（欧洲航天局（ESA）的AURA）；NSF National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory（美国国家光学红外天文研究实验室）；Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz（加州大学圣克鲁斯分校天体物理学与天文学系）；Department of Astronomy, University of Cape Town（开普敦大学天文学系）；Department of Physics, University of Oxford（牛津大学物理系）；DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen（哥本哈根大学尼尔斯·玻尔研究所DARK中心）
ODIN: Confirmation and 3D Reconstruction of Six Massive Protoclusters at Cosmic Noon
Purdue University（普渡大学）；NSF NOIRLab（美国国家光学-红外天文研究实验室）；Arizona State University（亚利桑那州立大学）；Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory（劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室）；Boston University（波士顿大学）；Universidad Andres Bello（安德烈斯贝略大学）；Università degli Studi di Milano（米兰大学）；INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera（意大利国家天体物理研究所布雷拉天文台）
Clues to inside-out quenching in quiescent galaxies at $1.2\lesssim z\lesssim2.2$: Age, Fe-, and Mg-abundance gradients from JWST-SUSPENSE
Leiden University（莱顿大学）；Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science（卡内基科学研究所天文台）；University of the Pacific（太平洋大学）；University of Pittsburgh（匹兹堡大学）；Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie（马克斯·普朗克天体物理学研究所）；Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik（马克斯·普朗克地外物理学研究所）；University of California, Berkeley（加州大学伯克利分校）；Tufts University（塔夫茨大学）；Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias（加那利群岛天体物理研究所）；Universidad de La Laguna（拉帕尔马大学）；York University（约克大学）
JADES: Differing assembly histories of galaxies -- Observational evidence for bursty SFHs and (mini-)quenching in the first billion years of the Universe
The HST-Hyperion Survey: Environmental Imprints on the Stellar-Mass Function at z~2.5
University of Hawai‘i（夏威夷大学）；University of California, Davis（加州大学戴维斯分校）；INAF Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna（意大利国家天体物理研究所博洛尼亚天文与空间科学观测站）；INAF - Osservatorio astronomico di Padova（意大利国家天体物理研究所帕多瓦天文台）；Gemini Observatory, NSF NOIRLab（双子座天文台，美国国家光学红外天文研究实验室）；University of California, San Diego（加州大学圣地亚哥分校）；Scuola Internazionale Superiore Studi Avanzati (SISSA)（国际高等研究院）
The DAWN JWST Archive: A spectroscopically-informed population study of the physical properties of galaxies at z>2
Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)（宇宙黎明中心）；Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen（哥本哈根大学尼尔斯·玻尔研究所）；Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva（日内瓦大学天文学系）；Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie（马克斯·普朗克天文学研究所）；DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark（丹麦技术大学空间科学部）
Morphology, sizes, and scatter in a large sample of distant quiescent galaxies
DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark（丹麦技术大学空间科学中心）；Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)（宇宙黎明中心）；DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen（哥本哈根大学尼尔斯·玻尔研究所DARK中心）；INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri（意大利国家天体物理研究所阿切尔天文台）
The MAGPI survey: Stellar population radial trends and mass assembly in star-forming galaxies at z~0.3
University of Vienna（维也纳大学）；Universidade do Porto（波尔图大学）；Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto（波尔图大学空间与天体物理研究所）；University of Strasbourg（斯特拉斯堡大学）；SISSA- International School for Advanced Studies（国际高等研究院）；UWC- University of the Western Cape（西开普大学）；IFPU- Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe（宇宙基础物理研究所）；INFN-Sezione di Trieste（意大利国家核物理研究所的里雅斯特分部）；Durham University（杜伦大学）
