Luis F. Alday, Vasco Gonçalves, Xinan Zhou
We present the tree-level five-point amplitude of the lowest KK mode of SYM on AdS$_5$$\times$S$^3$, dual to the correlator of the flavor current multiplet in the dual 4d ${\cal N}=2$ SCFT. Its color and kinematical structure is particularly simple and resembles that of the flat-space gluon amplitude.
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Six-Point AdS Gluon Amplitudes from Flat Space and Factorization
提出一种仅基于平直空间极限和AdS振幅因子化的新方法，无需超对称性，成功计算了AdS$_5$中六点超胶子振幅。
We demonstrate the applicability of the dressing method to the problem of constructing new classical solutions for Euclidean worldsheets in anti-de Sitter space. The motivation stems from recent work of Alday and Maldacena, who studied gluon scattering amplitudes at strong coupling using a generalization of a particular worldsheet found by Kruczenski whose edge traces a path composed of light-light segments on the boundary of AdS. We dress this `giant gluon' to find new solutions in AdS_3 and AdS_5 whose edges trace out more complicated, timelike curves on the boundary. These solutions may be …
In this article we consider n gluon color ordered, planar amplitudes in N=4 super Yang Mills at strong 't Hooft coupling. These amplitudes are approximated by classical surfaces in AdS_5 space. We compute the value of the amplitude for a particular kinematic configuration for a large number of gluons and find that the result disagrees with a recent guess for the exact value of the amplitude. Our results are still compatible with a possible relation between amplitudes and Wilson loops. In addition, we also give a prescription for computing processes involving local operators and asymptotic stat…
One-loop Gluon Amplitudes in AdS
该研究首次开展AdS空间一圈胶子振幅研究，以$AdS_5\times S^3$为例计算无质量胶子振幅一圈修正，通过求解含任意质量Kaluza-Klein模树图振幅的混合问题，得到色结构同平直空间但Mandelstam变量依赖更复杂、对数替换为多伽马函数的结果。
We present a systematic study of holographic correlators in a vast array of SCFTs with non-maximal superconformal symmetry. These theories include 4d $\mathcal{N}=2$ SCFTs from D3-branes near F-theory singularities, 5d Seiberg exceptional theories and 6d E-string theory, as well as 3d and 4d phenomenological models with probe flavor branes. We consider current multiplets and their generalizations with higher weights, dual to massless and massive super gluons in the bulk. At leading order in the inverse central charge expansion, connected four-point functions of these operators correspond to tr…
In this note we consider minimal surfaces in three dimensional anti-de Sitter space that end at the AdS boundary on a polygon given by a sequence of null segments. The problem can be reduced to a certain generalized Sinh-Gordon equation and to SU(2) Hitchin equations. The mathematical problem to be solved arises also in the context of the moduli space of certain three dimensional supersymmetric theories. We can use explicit results available in the literature in order to find the explicit answer for the area of a surface that ends on a eight-sided null Wilson loop. Via the gauge/gravity dualit…
AdS super gluon scattering up to two loops: A position space approach
本研究针对与AdS₅×S³超杨-米尔斯对偶的4维N=2 SCFT，采用位置空间假设的自举方法，确定了单圈和两圈阶超胶子四点关联函数，揭示了色结构相关性质及隐藏共形对称性的类似模式。
BCJ relations in ${AdS}_5 \times S^3$ and the double-trace spectrum of super gluons
本文在大 p 形式化下重新研究 AdS_5 × S^3 超胶子四点函数，证明其广义 Mellin 被积函数满足 U(1) 退耦恒等式、BCJ 关系与色-运动学对偶，并解混大 N 双迹算符谱，求得全部领头阶反常维度。
Gluon scattering in AdS at finite string coupling from localization
研究通过超对称局部化方法，在有限弦耦合下计算AdS空间中胶子散射的共轭子，并发现其形式与平坦空间维尼亚佐诺振幅相似。
On the amplitude expansion of gluon correlators in $\textrm{AdS}_4$
本文证明 $\ extrm{AdS}_4$ 中的树图胶子关联函数可自然展开为平空间散射振幅之和，通过 AdS 版本的 Berends-Giele 电流递归定义外部极化合并，给出全重数公式。
Extremal couplings, graviton exchange, and gluon scattering in AdS
本文研究了AdS中带七膜奇点的IIB型弦理论对偶理论，计算了引力子与胶子模间的极值耦合，利用引力子交换项解释了发散的3点图，并结合超对称局域化完全固定了特定4d $\mathcal{N}=2$规范理论在$1/N^2$阶的全息关联函数。
We perform the potential analysis in holographic Schwinger effect in a deformed anti-de Sitter (AdS) background with backreaction due to the gluon condensate. We determine the potential by analyzing the classical string action attaching on a probe D3-brane sitting at an intermediate position in the bulk AdS space. It is found that the inclusion of the gluon condensate reduces the production rate, reverse to the effect of the temperature. Also, we evaluate the critical electric field by Dirac-Born-Infeld (DBI) action.
We study four-point functions of spinning operators in the flavor current multiplet in four dimensional $\mathcal{N}=2$ SCFTs, using superspace techniques. In particular we explicitly construct the differential operators relating the different components of the super-correlator. As a byproduct of our analysis, we report the computation of the four-point amplitudes of gluons in bosonic Yang-Mills theories on $\mathrm{AdS}_5$ and we give evidence of an AdS double copy relation between the gluon amplitude and its gravitational counterpart.
We derive the scaling dimension of antisymmetric tensor operators in the boundary theory of the AdS/CFT correspondence using a functional integral representation of the boundary-to-boundary propagators of their dual fields in the bulk. We then apply this technique to AdS/QCD in which the bulk metric is warped, resulting in non-constant scaling dimensions. In particular, we compute the two-point correlation function of gluon field strength operators, for which it is prerequisite to know the ow of the anomalous scaling dimension under rescaling. The results are in very good agreement with quench…
We extend the analysis of Alday and Maldacena for obtaining gluon scattering amplitudes at strong coupling to include external massive quark states. Our quarks are actually the N=2 hypermultiplets which arise when D7-brane probes are included in the AdS_5 x S^5 geometry. We work in the quenched approximation, treating the N=2 matter multiplets as external sources coupled to the N=4 SYM fields. We first derive appropriate massive-particle boundary conditions for the string scattering worldsheets. We then find an exact worldsheet which corresponds to the scattering of two massive quarks and two …
Constructibility of AdS supergluon amplitudes
本文利用因子分解与平直空间极限，证明了AdS$_5$中所有树级$n$点超胶子振幅可递归构造，通过R对称性基简化振幅结构，并推导出高达8点标量与6点单胶子振幅的显式结果。
We extend the AdS/CFT prescription of Alday and Maldacena to finite temperature $T$, defining the amplitude for gluon scattering in ${\cal N}=4$ Super Yang-Mills at strong coupling from string theory. It is defined by a lightlike ''Wilson loop'' living at the horizon of the T-dual to the black hole in AdS space. Unlike the zero temperature case, this is different from the Wilson loop contour defined at the boundary of the AdS black hole metric, thus at finite $T$ there is no relation between gluon scattering amplitudes and the Wilson loop. We calculate the amplitude at strong coupling for forw…
In this talk we first discuss the motivation for using the AdS/CFT correspondence as a tool for the understanding of real-time dynamics of quark-gluon plasma. After describing the effective dual degrees of freedom for a strongly coupled gauge theory system, we review the subsequent theoretical `layers' in the physics of quark-gluon plasma: a uniform plasma at fixed temperature, linearized fluctuations, nonlinear hydrodynamic behaviour and finally some aspects of addressing non-equilibrium physics. The discussion is brief and aimed at nonspecialists.
We use the AdS/CFT prescription of Alday and Maldacena \cite{am} to analyze gluon 6-point scattering amplitudes at strong coupling in ${\cal N}=4$ SYM. By cutting and gluing we obtain AdS 6-point amplitudes that contain extra boundary conditions and come close to matching the field theory results. We interpret them as parts of the field theory amplitudes, containing only certain diagrams. We also analyze the collinear limits of 6- and 5-point amplitudes and discuss the results.
We consider gluon condensation (GC) at finite temperature using AdS/CFT. We first show that in the presence of regular horizon, the GC is forbidden in high temperature. Then we consider gravity back-reaction to dilaton coupling and show that the back-reaction develops an singularity, and non-vanishing value of gluon condensation is allowed. We also study thermodynamic quantities and the trace anomaly in the presence of the GC. We discuss how to define a temperature in the presence of the singularity which forbids Hawking temperature. Finally we describe the thermodynamics of the gluon condensa…
Pohlmeyer reduction has been instrumental both in the program for computing gluon scattering amplitudes at strong coupling, and more recently in the progress towards semiclassical three-point correlators of heavy operators in AdS/CFT. After a detailed review of the method, we combine it with Darboux and Crum transformations in order to obtain a class of string solutions corresponding to an arbitrary number of kinks and breathers of the elliptic sinh-Gordon equation. We also use our construction in order to identify the previously found dressed giant gluon with the single breather solution.
Modular invariant gluon-graviton scattering in AdS at one loop
本文利用超对称局域化得到的模不变自由能约束和平直空间极限，确定AdS$_5$中胶子–引力子全息关联函数的高导数修正、对数阈值及一圈结果。
From on-shell amplitude in AdS to cosmological correlators: gluons and gravitons
本研究补充了构建(A)dS时空中n点胶子与引力子Mellin动量振幅的递归自举方法的计算细节，阐释AdS在壳振幅定义动机并给出示例，同时展示了由该振幅推导宇宙学关联函数的方法。
Deformations of the AdS-Schwarzschild black brane and the shear viscosity of the quark-gluon plasma
本文利用 AdS/CFT 膜范式研究 AdS$_5$-Schwarzschild 黑膜形变，并结合 LHC 与 RHIC 重离子碰撞中夸克-胶子等离子体剪切黏度与熵密度比的实验数据，证明标准黑膜对形变具有稳健性，同时为可能携带引力双圈量子修正的轻微形变保留了空间。
We study gluon scattering amplitudes in N=4 super Yang-Mills theory at strong coupling via the AdS/CFT correspondence. We solve numerically the discretized Euler-Lagrange equations on the square worldsheet for the minimal surface with light-like boundaries in AdS spacetime. We evaluate the area of the surface for the 4, 6 and 8-point amplitudes using worldsheet and radial cut-off regularizations. Their infrared singularities in the cut-off regularization are found to agree with the analytical results near the cusp less than 5% at 520x520 lattice points.
Towards the Feynman rule for $n$-point gluon Mellin amplitudes in AdS/CFT
本研究结合嵌入形式与Mellin变换，推导AdS/CFT中n点胶子振幅的递推关系，并发现其与平坦空间费曼规则结果相似，据此提出连接两者的新字典。
Flat-space structure of gluon and graviton in AdS
本文提出了树图级AdS中Yang-Mills场和Einstein引力三点及四点振幅的微分表示，利用权重移动算子揭示平坦空间结构，建立了三点微分双复制关系及四点微分BCJ关系。
Extremal couplings and gluon scattering in M-theory
研究M理论中AdS背景下的极值耦合与胶子散射，通过计算引力子与胶子KK模式的耦合，验证强耦合展开中引力子交换项与平空间极限的一致性。
An important ``observable'' of planar N=4 SYM theory is the scaling function f(lambda) that appears in the anomalous dimension of large spin twist 2 operators and also in the cusp anomaly of light-like Wilson loops. The non-trivial relation between the anomalous dimension and the Wilson interpretations of f(lambda) is well-understood on the perturbative gauge theory side of the AdS/CFT duality. In the first part of this paper we present the dual string-theory counterpart of this relation, to all orders in lambda^(-1/2) expansion. As a check, we explicitly compute the leading 1-loop string sigm…
We derive the four-point vector correlators in QCD from AdS/QCD correspondence. It is shown that meson poles are correctly reproduced. The final expression also suggests a nonzero amplitude in the limit of zero virtuality of two longitudinal gluons. This fact does not mean that one can produce, absorb or scatter real longitudinal gluons.
In these pedagogical lectures, we present the techniques of the AdS/CFT correspondence which can be applied to the study of real time dynamics of a strongly coupled plasma system. These methods are based on solving gravitational Einstein's equations on the string/gravity side of the AdS/CFT correspondence. We illustrate these techniques with applications to the boost-invariant expansion of a plasma system. We emphasize the common underlying AdS/CFT description both in the large proper time regime where hydrodynamic dynamics dominates, and in the small proper time regime where the dynamics is f…
Hidden simplicity in AdS spinning Mellin amplitudes via scaffolding
通过scaffolding方法，研究AdS中旋进算子的Mellin幅度，发现其形式与平坦空间相似，且顶点比例系数简洁，体现正确极限。
Soft limits of gluon amplitudes in holography and cosmology
本文将软极限研究推广到AdS空间，通过重整微扰论分析全息胶子关联函数，建立了任意维AdS中(n+1)点振幅与n点跃迁振幅的关系，并给出n=4的显式结果。
The AdS boundary correlators and their dual correlation functions of boundary operators have been the main dynamic observables of the holographic duality relating a bulk AdS theory and a boundary conformal field theory. We show that tree-level AdS boundary correlators for generic states can be expressed as nonlocal differential operators of a certain structure acting on contact Witten diagrams. We further write the boundary correlators in a form that is very similar to flat space amplitudes, with Mandelstam variables replaced by certain combinations of single-state conformal generators, prove …
We consider correlation functions of the stress-tensor or a conserved current in AdS_{d+1}/CFT_d computed using the Hilbert or the Yang-Mills action in the bulk. We introduce new recursion relations to compute these correlators at tree level. These relations have an advantage over the BCFW-like relations described in arXiv:1102.4724 and arXiv:1011.0780 because they can be used in all dimensions including d=3. We also introduce a new method of extracting flat-space S-matrix elements from AdS/CFT correlators in momentum space. We show that the (d+1)-dimensional flat-space amplitude of gravitons …
Non-central heavy ion collisions lead to the production of a quark gluon plasma with angular momentum. We investigate, using holographic AdS/QCD models, how does rotation of the medium affects the confinement/deconfinement transition temperature $T_c$. In holographic models, this transition is represented by a Hawking-Page process involving two asymptotically anti-de Sitter spaces. The plasma is represented here by extending the holographic approach to anti-de Sitter spaces with cylindrical symmetry. Then, the rotation of the medium is introduced through a Lorentz boost. We consider hard and s…
An anisotropic thermal plasma phase of a strongly coupled gauge theory can be holographically modelled by an anisotropic AdS black hole. The temperature and anisotropy parameter of the AdS black hole background of interest [1] is specified by the location of the horizon and the value of the Dilaton field at the horizon. Interestingly, for the first time, we obtain two functions for the values of the horizon and Dilaton field in terms of the temperature and anisotropy parameter. Then by introducing a number of spinning probe D7-branes in the anisotropic background, we compute the value of the c…
Gauge/gravity duality leads to a simple, analytical, and phenomenologically compelling nonperturbative approximation to the full light-front QCD Hamiltonian. This approach, called "Light-Front Holography", successfully describes the spectroscopy of light-quark meson and baryons, their elastic and transition form factors, and other hadronic properties. The bound-state Schrodinger and Dirac equations of the soft-wall AdS/QCD model predict linear Regge trajectories which have the same slope in orbital angular momentum L and radial quantum number n for both mesons and baryons. Light-front holograp…
The two flavour AdS/QCD, with chiral and gluon condensates, sets in the description of the pion family and its mass spectra. Using gravity-dilaton-gluon backgrounds, entropic Regge-like trajectories for the pion family are then derived. They relate the $π$ mesons underlying configurational entropy to both the pions excitation wave mode number and the pions experimental mass spectra, yielding a reliable prediction for the mass spectra of higher excitation pion modes, to be experimentally detected.
An $AdS_{3}$ Dual for Supersymmetric MHV Celestial Amplitudes
本文在超对称AdS₃空间的全纯延拓上推广WZNW模型，首次为𝒩=8超引力和𝒩=4 SYM中的树级MHV天球振幅构造出全息对偶描述。
The quark-gluon plasma formed as a result of heavy-ion collisions is currently investigated actively both theoretically and experimentally. According to the holographic approach, forming a quark-gluon plasma in the four-dimensional world is associated with creating black holes in a five-dimensional anti-de Sitter space. The multiplicity of particles produced in heavy-ion collisions is then determined by the entropy of the five-dimensional black hole, which is estimated by the area of the trapped surface. To fit the experimental data for multiplicity Kiritsis and Taliotis have proposed to consi…
We present a study of the worldsheets that describe the classical limit of various string scattering processes. Our main focus is on string scattering in AdS spacetime because of its relation via the AdS/CFT correspondence to gluon scattering in {\cal N}=4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory. But we also consider analogous processes in flat Minkowski spacetime which we compare to the AdS case. In addition to scattering of string by string we also find and study worldsheets describing the scattering of a string by external sources.
The chiral magnetic effect with a fluctuating chiral imbalance is more realistic in the evolution of quark-gluon plasma, which reflects the random gluonic topological transition. Incorporating this dynamics, we calculate the chiral magnetic current in response to space-time dependent axial gauge potential and magnetic field in AdS/CFT correspondence. In contrast to conventional treatment of constant axial chemical potential, the response function here is the AVV three-point function of the $\mathcal{N}=4$ super Yang-Mills at strong coupling. Through an iterative solution of the nonlinear equat…
Supergluon scattering in AdS: constructibility, spinning amplitudes, and new structures
本文改进并应用递归方法，在AdS_5×S^3中计算超胶子和自旋振幅，给出至n=7和n=6的显式表达式，并揭示极点结构、费曼规则及软/共线极限等新结构。
We investigate n-gluon scattering amplitudes in the multi-Regge region of N=4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory at strong coupling. Through a careful analysis of the thermodynamic bubble ansatz (TBA) for surfaces in AdS5 with n-g(lu)on boundary conditions we demonstrate that the multi-Regge limit probes the large volume regime of the TBA. In reaching the multi-Regge regime we encounter wall-crossing in the TBA for all n>6. Our results imply that there exists an auxiliary system of algebraic Bethe ansatz equations which encode valuable information on the analytical structure of amplitudes at str…
Experiments on high-energy heavy-ion collisions reveal the formation and some intriguing properties of the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP), a new phase of matter predicted by Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), the quantum field theory of strong interactions. The phenomenological success of relativistic hydrodynamic simulations with remarkably weak shear viscosity, modeling QGP as an almost perfect fluid, are in favor of the occurrence of a strongly-coupled QGP expanding and cooling during the reaction. A derivation of these features in QCD at strong coupling is still lacking and represents a very intricat…
We argue, using the AdS/CFT correspondence, that the transient dynamics of the shear stress tensor in a strongly coupled $\mathcal{N}=4$ SYM plasma is not described by relaxation-type, fluid dynamical equations: at long times the equations of motion should contain a \textit{second-order} comoving derivative of the shear stress tensor. This occurs because in this strongly-coupled system the lowest "non-hydrodynamical" quasinormal modes associated with shear stress possess a nonzero real part at zero wavenumber. We use Weyl invariance to obtain the most general equations of motion containing 2 c…
Monodromy Relations for String Amplitudes on AdS
本文针对IIB型弦论$AdS_5 \ imes S^3$背景下的四胶子散射$AdS$ Veneziano振幅，提出一组色序振幅间的单值关系，其源于开弦散射的涌现世界面描述，平坦空间下退化为标准单值关系，小曲率展开逐阶成立，且符合现有文献结果。
Single-valuedness of the AdS Veneziano amplitude
本文研究了IIB型弦理论中胶子散射的AdS Veneziano振幅，提出曲率修正源于软引力子插入并表现为实轴上的单值函数，据此验证了第一曲率修正并计算了第二曲率修正。
We estimate the ratio of the thermalization time over the freeze-out time using a holographic AdS-Vaidya model for quark-gluon plasma formed in the heavy ion collisions. In the model the process of thermalization is described as formation of the black hole in AdS space while dethermalization process, related with the freeze-out, as the black hole evaporation due to the Hawking radiation that is modeled by the Vaidya metric with a negative mass. In this model the thermalization takes place only at small scales and absent in the infrared region. At small scales the system tends towards a state o…
This review cover our current understanding of strongly coupled Quark-Gluon Plasma (sQGP), especially theoretical progress in (i) explaining the RHIC data by hydrodynamics, (ii) describing lattice data using electric-magnetic duality; (iii) understanding of gauge-string duality known as AdS/CFT and its application for "conformal" plasma. In view of interdisciplinary nature of the subject, we include brief introduction into several topics "for pedestrians". Some fundamental questions addressed are: Why is sQGP such a good liquid? What is the nature of (de)confinement and what do we know about '…
The high-energy behavior of N=4 SYM elastic amplitudes at strong coupling is studied by means of the AdS/CFT correspondence. We consider the eikonal method proposed by Janik and one of the authors, where the relevant minimal surface is a "generalized helicoid" in hyperbolic space ("Euclidean AdS_5"), from which the physical amplitude is obtained after an appropriate analytic continuation. We then compare our results with those obtained, using a minimal surface in AdS_5 momentum space, by Alday and Maldacena for gluon-gluon scattering, and by Barnes and Vaman for quark-quark scattering ("Alday-…
Following the recent proposal of Alday and Maldacena to obtain the strong coupling scattering amplitude in N=4 SYM via AdS/CFT, we point out that a unique solution can be obtained by imposing all the Virasoro constraints. In the case of four-gluon scattering, this solution is identical to the Alday-Maldacena solution, which is in accordance with the ansatz of Bern, Dixon and Smirnov. This also solves the moduli space problem of the four-point solution in a recent paper of Mironov, Morozov and Tomaras.
Probing the holographic model of $\mathcal{N} =4$ SYM rotating quark-gluon plasma
研究$\bar{\nu}_\tau \to \bar{\nu}_e$振荡在DUNE实验中探测新物理的潜力，在统一有效场论框架下分析其对NSI、LFUV、NUNM等新物理的敏感性，给出DUNE的预期探测灵敏度，指出该振荡可作为区分新物理模型的重要探针。
We investigate jet quenching of virtual gluons and thermalization of a strongly-coupled plasma with a non-zero chemical potential via the gauge/gravity duality. By tracking a charged shell falling in an asymptotic AdS$_{d+1}$ background for $d=3$ and $d=4$, which is characterized by the AdS-Reissner-Nordström-Vaidya (AdS-RN-Vaidya) geometry, we extract a thermalization time of the medium with a non-zero chemical potential. In addition, we study the falling string as the holographic dual of a virtual gluon in the AdS-RN-Vaidya spacetime. The stopping distance of the massless particle representi…
Bootstrapping Witten diagrams via differential representation in Mellin space
本文提出利用 AdS 振幅微分表示构造 Witten 图微分方程，并将其转化为 Mellin 空间差分方程递归求解，高效复算标量四点振幅并获得六点及八点新结果。
We discuss gluon scattering amplitudes/null-polygonal Wilson loops of N = 4 super Yang-Mills theory at strong coupling based on the gauge/string duality and its underlying integrability. We focus on the amplitudes/Wilson loops corresponding to the minimal surfaces in AdS_3, which are described by the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz equations of the homogeneous sine-Gordon model. Using conformal perturbation theory and an interesting relation between the g-function (boundary entropy) and the T-function, we derive analytic expansions around the limit where the Wilson loops become regular-polygonal. W…
We compute four point functions of the stress tensor and conserved currents in AdS_4/CFT_3 using bulk perturbation theory. We work at treel level in the bulk theory, which we take to be either pure gravity or Yang Mills theory in AdS. We bypass the tedious evaluation of Witten diagrams using recently developed recursion relations for these correlators. In this approach, the four point function is obtained as the sum of residues of a rational function at easily identifiable poles. We write down an explicit formula for the four point correlator with arbitrary external helicities and momenta. We …
In this paper we study the scattering amplitudes at strong coupling for the case where the number of gluons is a multiple of four. This is an important missing piece in arXiv:1002.2459. The tricky point for n=4K is that there is some accidental degeneracy in such case. We explain this point in detail and show that a non-trivial monodromy around infinity was developed by the world-sheet coordinate transformation appearing in the computation. It turns out that besides solving the Y system, we also need to calculate T functions to compute the full amplitudes. We show that the T functions can be d…
The AdS Veneziano amplitude at small curvature
研究通过结合色散关系与多重polylogarithms，计算了AdS维内齐奥振幅在小曲率下的修正，并验证了其在不同极限下的一致性。
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