Proceedings of the 14th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2023), Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LiPIcs) 251 (2023) 28:1-28:29
In a monogamy-of-entanglement (MoE) game, two players who do not communicate try to simultaneously guess a referee's measurement outcome on a shared quantum state they prepared. We study the prototypical example of a game where the referee measures in either the computational or Hadamard basis and informs the players of her choice.
We show that this game satisfies a rigidity property similar to what is known for some nonlocal games. That is, in order to win optimally, the players' strategy must be of a specific form, namely a convex combination of four unentangled optimal strategies generated by the Breidbart state. We extend this to show that strategies that win near-optimally must also be near an optimal state of this form. We also show rigidity for multiple copies of the game played in parallel.
We give three applications: (1) We construct for the first time a weak string erasure (WSE) scheme where the security does not rely on limitations on the parties' hardware. Instead, we add a prover, which enables security via the rigidity of this MoE game. (2) We show that the WSE scheme can be used to achieve bit commitment in a model where it is impossible classically. (3) We achieve everlasting-secure randomness expansion in the model of trusted but leaky measurement and untrusted preparation and measurements by two isolated devices, while relying only on the temporary assumption of pseudorandom functions. This achieves randomness expansion without the need for shared entanglement.
We investigate the monogamy relations related to the concurrence and the entanglement of formation. General monogamy inequalities given by the αth power of concurrence and entanglement of formation are presented for N-qubit states. The monogamy relation for entanglement of assistance is also established. Based on these general monogamy relations, the residual entanglement of concurrence and entanglement of formation are studied. Some relations among the residual entanglement, entanglement of assistance, and three tangle are also presented.
We present a class of tight monogamy relations in terms of Rényi-$α$ entanglement, which are tighter than the monogamy relations of multiqubit entanglement just based on the power of the Rényi-$α$ entanglement for $α\geq 2$ and the power $η>1$. For $2>α\geq\frac{\sqrt{7}-1}{2}$ and the power $η>2$, we establish a class of tight monogamy relations of multiqubit entanglement with larger lower bounds than the existing monogamy relations of multiqubit entanglement.
Entanglement monogamy is a fundamental property of multipartite entangled states. We investigate the monogamy relations for multiqubit generalized W-class states. Analytical monogamy inequalities are obtained for the concurrence of assistance, the entanglement of formation and the entanglement of assistance.
Monogamy relations characterize the distributions of entanglement in multipartite systems. We investigate monogamy relations related to the concurrence $C$ and the entanglement of formation $E$. We present new entanglement monogamy relations satisfied by the $α$-th power of concurrence for all $α\geq2$, and the $α$-th power of the entanglement of formation for all $α\geq\sqrt{2}$. These monogamy relations are shown to be tighter than the existing ones.
Unlike classical correlation, quantum entanglement cannot be freely shared among many parties. This restricted shareability of entanglement among multi-party systems is known as monogamy of entanglement, which is one of the most fundamental properties of entanglement. Here, we summarize recent theoretical progress in the field of monogamy of entanglement. We firstly review the standard CKW-type monogamy inequalities in terms of various entanglement measures. In particular, the squashed entanglement and one-way distillable entanglement are monogamous for arbitrary dimensional systems. We then i…
We establish duality for monogamy of entanglement: whereas monogamy of entanglement inequalities provide an upper bound for bipartite sharability of entanglement in a multipartite system, we prove that the same quantity provides a \emph{lower} bound for distribution of bipartite entanglement in a multipartite system. Our theorem for monogamy of entanglement is used to establish relations between bipartite entanglement that separate one qubit from the rest vs separating two qubits from the rest.
Monogamy relations characterize the distributions of entanglement in multipartite systems. We investigate monogamy relations for multiqubit generalized W-class states. We present new analytical monogamy inequalities for the concurrence of assistance, which are shown to be tighter than the existing ones. Furthermore, analytical monogamy inequalities are obtained for the negativity of assistance.
We investigate the tight monogamy and polygamy relations of multiparty entanglement for arbitrary quantum states. By using the power of the bipartite measure of entanglement, we establish a class of tight monogamy relations of multiparty entanglement with larger lower bounds than the existing monogamy relations. We also give a class of tight polygamy relations of multiparty entanglement with smaller upper bounds than the existing polygamy relations, by using the power of the entanglement of assistance. It is shown that these new monogamy and polygamy relations are tighter than the former resul…
Monogamy relations characterize the distributions of entanglement in multipartite systems. We investigate monogamy relations related to the concurrence C, the entanglement of formation E, negativity Nc and Tsallis-q entanglement Tq. Monogamy relations for the $α$th power of entanglement have been derived, which are tighter than the existing entanglement monogamy relations for some classes of quantum states. Detailed examples are presented.
Quantum entanglement for multiparty system has a unique feature when it comes to sharing its property among various subsystems. This is famously stated as the monogamy of entanglement. The traditional monogamy of concurrence for tripartite system was proved in a sum form. Recently, it was found that concurrence also respects a monogamy in the product form. Here, we prove a tight monogamy relation in the product form for the concurrence of pure tripartite systems. We illustrate our relation with several examples, including the canonical three qubit states, where this monogamy relation is satura…
We study the Bures measure of entanglement and the geometric measure of entanglement as special cases of entanglement measures based on fidelity, and find their tighter monogamy inequalities over tri-qubit systems as well as multi-qubit systems. Furthermore, we derive the monogamy inequality of concurrence for qudit quantum systems by projecting higher-dimensional states to qubit substates.
We provide a generalized definition of the monogamy relation for entanglement measures. A monogamy equality rather than the usual inequality is presented based on the monogamy weight, from which we give monogamy relations satisfied by the $α$th $(α>0)$ power of the entanglement measures. Taking concurrence as an example, we further demonstrate the significance and advantages of these relations. In addition, we show that monogamy relations can be recovered by considering multiple copies of states for every non-additive entanglement measure that violates the inequalities. We also demonstrate tha…
A particularly interesting feature of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics is the monogamy laws of entanglement. Although the monogamy relation has been explored extensively in the last decade, it is still not clear to what extent a given entanglement measure is monogamous. We give here a conjecture on the amount of entanglement contained in the reduced states by observing all the known related results at first. Consequently, we propose the monogamy power of an entanglement measure and the polygamy power for its dual quantity, the assisted entanglement, and show that both the monogamy power and t…
We propose the square of convex-roof extended negativity(SCREN) as a powerful candidate to characterize strong monogamy of multi-party quantum entanglement. We first provide a strong monogamy inequality of multi-party entanglement using SCREN, and show that the tangle-based multi-qubit strong monogamy inequality can be rephrased by SCREN. We further show that SCREN strong monogamy inequality is still true for the counterexamples that violate tangle-based strong monogamy inequality in higher-dimensional quantum systems rather than qubits. We also analytically show that SCREN strong monogamy ine…
We investigate the monogamy relations related to the concurrence, the entanglement of formation, convex-roof extended negativity, Tsallis-q entanglement and R'enyi-α entanglement, the polygamy relations related to the entanglement of formation, Tsallis-q entanglement and R'enyi-α entanglement. Monogamy and polygamy inequalities are obtained for arbitrary multipartite qubit systems, which are proved to be tighter than the existing ones. Detailed examples are presented.
We show exactly that the $α$th power of Bures measure of entanglement and geometric measure of entanglement, as special case of entanglement measures based on fidelity, obey a class of general monogamy inequalities in an arbitrary multiqubit mixed state for $α\geq1$.
We examine the various properties of the three four-qubit monogamy relations, all of which introduce the power factors in the three-way entanglement to reduce the tripartite contributions. On the analytic ground as much as possible we try to find the minimal power factors, which make the monogamy relations hold if the power factors are larger than the minimal powers. Motivated to the three-qubit monogamy inequality we also examine whether those four-qubit monogamy relations provide the SLOCC-invariant four-way entanglement measures or not. Our analysis indicate that this is impossible provided…
Monogamy of entanglement means that an entangled state cannot be shared with many parties. The more parties, the less entanglement between them. In this paper, we give a simple proof of this property and provide an upper bound of the number of parties.
Using very general arguments, we prove that any entanglement measures based on distance must be maximal on pure states. Furthermore, we show that Bures measure of entanglement and geometric measure of entanglement satisfy the monogamy inequality on all pure multiqubit states. Finally, using the power of Bures measure of entanglement and geometric measure of entanglement, we present a class of tight monogamy relations for pure states of multiqubit systems.
The monogamy of quantum entanglement captures the property of limitation in the distribution of entanglement. Various monogamy relations exist for different entanglement measures that are important in quantum information processing. Our goal in this work is to propose a general monogamy inequality for all entanglement measures on entangled qubit systems. The present result provide a unified model for various entanglement measures including the concurrence, the negativity, the entanglement of formation, Tsallis-q entropy, Renyi-q entropy, and Unified-(q,s) entropy. We then proposed tightened mo…
It has been observed by numerous authors that a quantum system being entangled with another one limits its possible entanglement with a third system: this has been dubbed the "monogamous nature of entanglement". In this paper we present a simple identity which captures the trade-off between entanglement and classical correlation, which can be used to derive rigorous monogamy relations. We also prove various other trade-offs of a monogamy nature for other entanglement measures and secret and total correlation measures.
We investigate the entanglement of assistance which quantifies capabilities of producing pure bipartite entangled states from a pure tripartite state. The lower bound and upper bound of entanglement of assistance are obtained. In the light of the upper bound, monogamy constraints are proved for arbitrary n-qubit states.
We provide a strong evidence for strong monogamy inequality of multi-qubit entanglement recently proposed in [B. Regula {\em et al.}, Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 113}, 110501 (2014)]. We consider a large class of multi-qubit generalized W-class states, and analytically show that the strong monogamy inequality of multi-qubit entanglement is saturated by this class of states.
We derive a monogamy inequality for any local quantum resource and entanglement. It results from the fact that there is always a convex measure for a quantum resource, as shown here, and from the relation between entanglement and local entropy. One of its consequences is an entanglement monogamy different from that usually discussed. If the local resource is nonuniformity or coherence, it is satisfied by familiar resource and entanglement measures. The ensuing upper bound for the local coherence, determined by the entanglement, is independent of the basis used to define the coherence.
This work aims to understand the monogamy of quantum entanglement from a geometrical point of view. By regarding quantum entanglement as a geometrical structure on the state space of quantum systems and attributing all entanglement related properties as emergent from this geometry of entanglement, we assume there exists a genuine general monogamous relation of quantum entanglement w.r.t. a correspondent genuine entanglement measure Q* which possesses an underlying geometrical origin. We speculate that the monogamous relations w.r.t. an entanglement measure Q can be understood by comparing the …
In this paper, we study the $α$th power monogamy properties related to the entanglement measure in bipartite states. The monogamy relations related to the $α$th power of negativity and the Convex- Roof Extended Negativity are obtained for N-qubit states. We also give a tighter bound of hierarchical monogamy inequality for the entanglement of formation. We find that the GHZ state and W state can be used to distinguish the $α$th power the concurrence for $0<α<2$. Furthermore, we compare concurrence with negativity in terms of monogamy property and investigate the difference between them.
We derive a monogamy inequality for entanglement and local contextuality, for any finite bipartite system. It essentially results from the relations between the purity of a local state and the entanglement of the global state, and between the purity of a state and its ability to violate a given noncontextuality inequality. We build an explicit entanglement monotone that satisfies the found monogamy inequality. An important consequence of this inequality, is that there are global states too entangled to violate the local noncontextuality inequality.
Using Rényi-$α$ entropy to quantify bipartite entanglement, we prove monogamy of entanglement in multi-qubit systems for $α\geq 2$. We also conjecture a polygamy inequality of multi-qubit entanglement with strong numerical evidence for $0.83-ε\leq α\leq 1.43+ε$ with $0<ε<0.01$.
A striking result from nonrelativistic quantum mechanics is the monogamy of entanglement, which states that a particle can be maximally entangled only with one other party, not with several ones. While there is the exact quantitative relation for three qubits and also several inequalities describing monogamy properties it is not clear to what extent exact monogamy relations are a general feature of quantum mechanics. We prove that in all many-qubit systems there exist strict monogamy laws for quantum correlations. They come about through the curious relation between the nonrelativistic quantum…
In this paper, we study the monogamy inequality of Tsallis-q entropy entanglement. We first provide an analytic formula of Tsallis-q entropy entanglement in two-qubit systems for $\frac{5-\sqrt{13}}{2}\leq q\leq\frac{5+\sqrt{13}}{2}.$ The analytic formula of Tsallis-q entropy entanglement in $2\otimes d$ system is also obtained and we show that Tsallis-q entropy entanglement satisfies a set of hierarchical monogamy equalities. Furthermore, we prove the squared Tsallis-q entropy entanglement follows a general inequality in the qubit systems. Based on the monogamy relations, a set of multipartit…
We consider multipartite states of qubits and prove that their bipartite quantum entanglement, as quantified by the concurrence, satisfies a monogamy inequality conjectured by Coffman, Kundu, and Wootters. We relate this monogamy inequality to the concept of frustration of correlations in quantum spin systems.
We show that restricted shareability of multi-qubit entanglement can be fully characterized by unified-$(q,s)$ entropy. We provide a two-parameter class of bipartite entanglement measures, namely unified-$(q,s)$ entanglement with its analytic formula in two-qubit systems for $q\geq 1$, $0\leq s \leq1$ and $qs\leq3$. Using unified-$(q,s)$ entanglement, we establish a broad class of the monogamy inequalities of multi-qubit entanglement for $q\geq2$, $0\leq s \leq1$ and $qs\leq3$.
An interesting monogamy equation with the form of Pythagorean theorem is found for $2\otimes 2\otimes n$-dimensional pure states, which reveals the relation among bipartite concurrence, concurrence of assistance, and genuine tripartite entanglement. At the same time, a genuine tripartite entanglement monotone as a generalization of 3-tangle is naturally obtained for $(2\otimes 2\otimes n)$- dimensional pure states in terms of a distinct idea. For mixed states, the monogamy equation is reduced to a monogamy inequality. Both results for tripartite quantum states can be employed to multipartite q…
We provide a sufficient condition for the monogamy inequality of multi-party quantum entanglement of arbitrary dimensions in terms of entanglement of formation. Based on the classical-classical-quantum(ccq) states whose quantum parts are obtained from the two-party reduced density matrices of a three-party quantum state, we show the additivity of the mutual information of the ccq states guarantees the monogamy inequality of the three-party pure state in terms of EoF. After illustrating the result with some examples, we generalize our result of three-party systems into any multi-party systems o…
We show that the monogamy of entanglement is a sufficient phenomenon in every physical theory, if the quantum key distribution is to be safe on the grounds of such theory. To do so we present the QKD protocol that is safe in any physical theory under the assumption of the monogamous entanglement only. The necessity of this condition is also discussed.
We prove that the squared Rényi-$α$ entanglement (SR$α$E), which is the generalization of entanglement of formation (EOF), obeys a general monogamy inequality in an arbitrary $N$-qubit mixed state. Furthermore, for a class of Rényi-$α$ entanglement, we prove that the monogamy relations of the SR$α$E have a hierarchical structure when the $N$-qubit system is divided into $k$ parties. As a byproduct, the analytical relation between the Rényi-$α$ entanglement and the squared concurrence is derived for bipartite $2\otimes d$ systems. Based on the monogamy properties of SR$α$E, we can construct the…
We introduce a new class of multipartite entangled mixed states with pure state decompositions of generalized W states, similar to Schmidt-correlated states having generalized GHZ states in the pure state decomposition. The entanglement and separability properties are studied according to PPT operations. Monogamy relations linked to these states are also investigated.
We propose a method to detect genuine quantum correlation for multi-qubit pure states. We then derive a complementarity relations for pure quantum states of N qubits. We prove that in all many-qubit systems there exist strict monogamy laws for quantum correlations. On the other hand, it is known that the entanglement monogamy equality proposed by Coffman, Kundu, and Wootters is in general not true for multiqubit states. Inducing from the CKW equality, we find a proper form of entanglement monogamy equality for arbitrary quantum states. The total quantum correlation of qubit k with the remainin…
We analyze the entanglement distribution and the two-qubit residual entanglement in multipartite systems. For a composite system consisting of two cavities interacting with independent reservoirs, it is revealed that the entanglement evolution is restricted by an entanglement monogamy relation derived here. Moreover, it is found that the initial cavity-cavity entanglement evolves completely to the genuine four-partite cavities-reservoirs entanglement in the time interval between the sudden death of cavity-cavity entanglement and the birth of reservoir-reservoir entanglement. In addition, we al…
We prove exactly that the squared entanglement of formation, which quantifies the bipartite entanglement, obeys a general monogamy inequality in an arbitrary multiqubit mixed state. Based on this kind of exotic monogamy relation, we are able to construct two sets of useful entanglement indicator: the first one can detect all genuine multiqubit entangled states even in the case of the two-qubit concurrence and $n$-tangles being zero, while the second one can be calculated via quantum discord and applied to multipartite entanglement dynamics. Moreover, we give a computable and nontrivial lower b…
We show that any measure of entanglement that on pure bipartite states is given by a strictly concave function of the reduced density matrix is monogamous on pure tripartite states. This includes the important class of bipartite measures of entanglement that reduce to the (von Neumann) entropy of entanglement. Moreover, we show that the convex roof extension of such measures (e.g., entanglement of formation) are monogamous also on \emph{mixed} tripartite states. To prove our results, we use the definition of monogamy without inequalities, recently put forward[Gour and Guo, Quantum \textbf{2}, …
We provide an evidence for the validity of strong monogamy inequality of multi-party quantum entanglement using square of convex-roof extended negativity(SCREN). We first consider a large class of multi-qudit mixed state that are in a partially coherent superposition of a generalized W-class state and the vacuum, and provide some useful properties about this class of states. We show that monogamy inequality of multi-qudit entanglement in terms of SCREN holds for this class of states. We further show that SCREN strong monogamy inequality of multi-qudit entanglement also holds for this class of …
We present an interesting monogamy equation for $(2 \otimes 2 \otimes n)$-dimensional pure states, by which a quantity is found to characterize the tripartite entanglement with the GHZ type and W typeentanglements as a whole. In particular, we, for the first time, reveals that for any quantum state of a pair of qubits, the difference between the two remarkable entanglement measures, concurrence and negativity, characterizes the W type entanglement of tripartite pure states with the two-qubit state as reduced density.
Entanglement negativity is a measure of mixed-state entanglement increasingly used to investigate and characterize emerging quantum many-body phenomena, including quantum criticality and topological order. We present two results for the entanglement negativity: a disentangling theorem, which allows the use of this entanglement measure as a means to detect whether a wave-function of three subsystems $A$, $B$, and $C$ factorizes into a product state for parts $AB_1$ and $B_2C$; and a monogamy relation, which states that if $A$ is very entangled with $B$, then $A$ cannot be simultaneaously very e…
We study the monogamy and polygamy inequalities of unified entanglement in multipartite quantum systems. We first derive the monogamy inequality of unified-$(q, s)$ entanglement for multi-qubit states under arbitrary bipartition, and then obtain the monogamy inequalities of the $α$th ($0\leqα\leq\frac{r}{2}, r\geq\sqrt{2}$) power of entanglement of formation for tripartite states and their generalizations in multi-qubit quantum states. We also generalize the polygamy inequalities of unified-$(q, s)$ entanglement for multi-qubit states under arbitrary bipartition. Moreover, we investigate polyg…
Tsallis-$q$ entanglement is a bipartite entanglement measure which is the generalization of entanglement of formation for $q$ tending to 1. We first expand the range of $q$ for the analytic formula of Tsallis-\emph{q} entanglement. For $\frac{5-\sqrt{13}}{2} \leq \emph{q} \leq \frac{5+\sqrt{13}}{2}$, we prove the monogamy relation in terms of the squared Tsallis-$q$ entanglement for an arbitrary multi-qubit systems. It is shown that the multipartite entanglement indicator based on squared Tsallis-$q$ entanglement still works well even when the indicator based on the squared concurrence loses i…
The monogamy inequality in terms of the concurrence, called the Coffman-Kundu-Wootters inequality [Phys. Rev. A {\bf 61}, 052306 (2000)], and its generalization [T.J. Osborne and F. Verstraete, Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 96}, 220503 (2006)] hold on general $n$-qubit states including mixed ones. In this paper, we consider the monogamy inequalities in terms of the fully entangled fraction and the teleportation fidelity. We show that the monogamy inequalities do not hold on general mixed states, while the inequalities hold on $n$-qubit pure states.
We investigate the generalized monogamy and polygamy relations $N$-qubit systems. We give a general upper bound of the $α$th ($0\leqα\leq2$) power of concurrence for $N$-qubit states. The monogamy relations satisfied by the $α$th ($0\leqα\leq2$) power of concurrence are presented for $N$-qubit pure states under the partition $AB$ and $C_1 . . . C_{N-2}$, as well as under the partition $ABC_1$ and $C_2\cdots C_{N-2}$. These inequalities give rise to the restrictions on entanglement distribution and the trade off of entanglement among the subsystems. Similar results are also derived for negativi…
The monogamy of entanglement means that entanglement cannot be freely shared. In 2014, Oliveira et al. [ Oliveira et al., Phys. Rev. A. 89, 034303 (2014)] proposed a monogamy relation in the linear version and considered it in terms of entanglement of formation. Here we generalize the above version and consider a multi-linear monogamy relation for a multi-qubit system in terms of entanglement of formation and concurrence. Based on the above results, we present an entanglement criterion for genuine entangled states, also we consider the absolutely maximally entangled states and present what an …
Employing the quantum Rényi $α$-entropies as a measure of entanglement, we numerically find the violation of the strong superadditivity inequality for a system composed of four qubits and $α>1$. This violation gets smaller as $α\rightarrow 1$ and vanishes for $α=1$ when the measure corresponds to the Entanglement of Formation (EoF). We show that the Rényi measure aways satisfies the standard monogamy of entanglement for $α= 2$, and only violates a high order monogamy inequality, in the rare cases in which the strong superadditivity is also violated. The sates numerically found where the violat…
This dissertation will serve as an introduction to entanglement quantification, containing highly detailed proofs ensuring solid understanding of the subject. Specifically, we will review the properties of entanglement that should be satisfied by a "good" entanglement measure. Then we will have a look at some of the propositions of the entanglement measures that have been made over the years. We will review in greater detail the entanglement of formation. We will discuss the proposals of the mathematical representations of another property of entanglement, called monogamy. We will introduce so…
Monogamy and Polygamy are important properties of entanglement, which characterize the entanglement distribution of multipartite systems. We study general monogamy and polygamy relations based on the $α$th $(0\leqα\leq γ)$ power of entanglement measures and the $β$th $(β\geq δ)$ power of assisted entanglement measures, respectively. We illustrate that these monogamy and polygamy relations are tighter than the inequalities in the article [Quantum Inf Process 19, 101], so that the entanglement distribution can be more precisely described for entanglement states that satisfy stronger constraints.…
