Marcin Pawlowski
We show that the monogamy of entanglement is a sufficient phenomenon in every physical theory, if the quantum key distribution is to be safe on the grounds of such theory. To do so we present the QKD protocol that is safe in any physical theory under the assumption of the monogamous entanglement only. The necessity of this condition is also discussed.
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We develop an extension of a recently introduced subspace coset state monogamy-of-entanglement game [Coladangelo, Liu, Liu, and Zhandry; Crypto'21] to general group coset states, which are uniform superpositions over elements of a subgroup to which has been applied a group-theoretic generalization of the quantum one-time pad. We give a general bound on the winning probability of a monogamy game constructed from subgroup coset states that applies to a wide range of finite and infinite groups. To study the infinite-group case, we use and further develop a measure-theoretic formalism that allows …
Computational Monogamy of Entanglement and Non-Interactive Quantum Key Distribution
本文提出一种基于计算单方面性的非交互式QKD协议，利用EPR对和标准测量实现永恒安全，适用于近-term量子硬件。
Security of device-independent quantum key distribution via monogamy relations from multipartite information causality
该研究证明多方信息因果性（IC）可推导贝尔不等式违反的强一夫一妻关系，能确保设备无关量子密钥分发（DIQKD）抗后量子个体攻击的安全性，而两方IC无法实现该效果，凸显多方框架的必要性。
100 Gbps Quantum-safe IPsec VPN Tunnels over 46 km Deployed Fiber
本文首次在46公里已部署光纤上演示了基于QKD的100 Gbps量子安全IPsec VPN隧道，实现45天连续运行，验证了量子密钥分发技术在实际数据中心互联场景下的高速安全通信可行性。
Quantum-safe IPsec in the banking industry
本文提出一种混合量子安全架构，通过软件定义网络关键分发实现，支持在动态多点虚拟专用网络环境中集成经典密码学、量子密钥分发和后量子密码学，为金融网络提供可扩展、全网加密通信。
Quantum key distribution (QKD) can provide information theoretically secure key exchange even in the era of quantum computer. However, QKD requires the classical channel to be authenticated, and the current method is pre-sharing symmetric keys. For a QKD network of $n$ users, this method requires $C_n^2 = n(n-1)/2$ pairs of symmetric keys to realize pairwise interconnection. In contrast, with the help of mature public key infrastructure (PKI) and post-quantum cryptography (PQC) with quantum resistant security, each user only needs to apply for a digital certificate from certificate authority (…
We demonstrate how the 5G network slicing model can be extended to address data security requirements. In this work we demonstrate two different slice configurations, with different encryption requirements, representing two diverse use-cases for 5G networking: namely, an enterprise application hosted at a metro network site, and a content delivery network. We create a modified software-defined networking (SDN) orchestrator which calculates and provisions network slices according to the requirements, including encryption backed by quantum key distribution (QKD), or other methods. Slices are aut…
The existing unconditional security definitions of quantum key distribution (QKD) do not apply to joint attacks over QKD and the subsequent use of the resulting key. In this paper, we close this potential security gap by using a universal composability theorem for the quantum setting. We first derive a composable security definition for QKD. We then prove that the usual security definition of QKD still implies the composable security definition. Thus, a key produced in any QKD protocol that is unconditionally secure in the usual definition can indeed be safely used, a property of QKD that is h…
Quantum cryptography is the field of cryptography that explores the quantum properties of matter. Its aim is to develop primitives beyond the reach of classical cryptography or to improve on existing classical implementations. Although much of the work in this field is dedicated to quantum key distribution (QKD), some important steps were made towards the study and development of quantum oblivious transfer (QOT). It is possible to draw a comparison between the application structure of both QKD and QOT primitives. Just as QKD protocols allow quantum-safe communication, QOT protocols allow quant…
Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows for secure communications safe against attacks by quantum computers. QKD protocols are performed by sending a sizeable, but finite, number of quantum signals between the distant parties involved. Many QKD experiments however predict their achievable key rates using asymptotic formulas, which assume the transmission of an infinite number of signals, partly because QKD proofs with finite transmissions (and finite key lengths) can be difficult. Here we develop a robust numerical approach for calculating the key rates for QKD protocols in the finite-key regime…
In the next years the data transmission connections will constitute one of the principal tools of communication among cities, enterprises and public administration. With their enhanced connectivity, the systems and nets of information are now exposed to an increased vulnerability and new safety problems are emerging. Insofar Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) has matured to real world applications and can enhance the safety of the communication nets. In this paper we present the QKD network designed and implemented by Selex-SI and we give an overview of the obtained results.
Although quantum key distribution (QKD) is theoretically secure, there is a gap between the theory and practice. In fact, real-life QKD may not be secure because component devices in QKD systems may deviate from the theoretical models assumed in security proofs. To solve this problem, it is necessary to construct the security proof under realistic assumptions on the source and measurement unit. In this paper, we prove the security of a QKD protocol under practical assumptions on the source that accommodate fluctuation of the phase and intensity modulations. As long as our assumptions hold, it …
Single-qubit loss-tolerant quantum position verification protocol secure against entangled attackers
本研究通过半定规划为基于BB84态的量子位置验证协议确定紧致损耗-错误界限，提出单量子比特协议，可抵御线性纠缠攻击并容忍光子损耗，同时扩展至多基情形以增强容限。
Empirical Risk-aware Machine Learning on Trojan-Horse Detection for Trusted Quantum Key Distribution Networks
本文提出风险感知机器学习技术以检测可信量子密钥分发网络中的特洛伊木马攻击，通过最优分类器识别潜在攻击并有效降低漏洞风险。
Fast gated avalanche photodiodes (APDs) are the most commonly used single photon detectors for high bit rate quantum key distribution (QKD). Their robustness against external attacks is crucial to the overall security of a QKD system or even an entire QKD network. Here, we investigate the behavior of a gigahertz-gated, self-differencing InGaAs APD under strong illumination, a tactic Eve often uses to bring detectors under her control. Our experiment and modelling reveal that the negative feedback by the photocurrent safeguards the detector from being blinded through reducing its avalanche prob…
Long-term Performance Analysis of a Commercial QKD Device Under Real-world Deployment Conditions
本文研究了ID Quantique的Clavis XGR在巴西Hermes量子网络中的长期性能，分析了其在不同光纤链路下的密钥率、量子比特误码率、可见性和探测计数等关键指标，揭示了热带气候下商业QKD系统在实际部署中的表现和热瓶颈。
Quantum-Safe integration of TLS in SDN networks
本研究在SDN网络中集成TLS，混合经典、量子与后量子密码学，利用QKD标准实现密钥更新与传输，兼顾加密敏捷性与向后兼容，并通过生产环境验证性能。
Guarding Quantum Key Distribution with integrated Magnetic-free Nonreciprocal Structures
针对芯片级QKD系统难以集成传统非互易器件而易受注入攻击的问题，采用直接二进制搜索算法逆向设计无磁非互易器件，成功在芯片级QKD系统中防御了木马攻击。
Quantum-Secured Data Centre Interconnect in a field environment
针对量子计算对传统公钥基础设施的威胁，本文利用现有光纤在商业数据中心现场实施了量子密钥分发（QKD）试验，实现了2.392 kbps平均安全密钥率和低于2%的误码率，并演示了基于QKD密钥的安全虚拟专网文件传输，验证了其在真实场景中的商业可行性。
Simple security proof of coherent-one-way quantum key distribution
针对现有 COW-QKD 仅能在 20 公里内安全分发密钥的问题，本文引入双脉冲真空态诱饵序列并利用监测线界定位相错误率，在保持装置简洁的同时证明其可渐近抵御相干攻击，将安全距离提升至 100 公里。
An eavesdropper Eve may probe a quantum key distribution (QKD) system by sending a bright pulse from the quantum channel into the system and analyzing the back-reflected pulses. Such Trojan-horse attacks can breach the security of the QKD system if appropriate safeguards are not installed or if they can be fooled by Eve. We present a risk analysis of such attacks based on extensive spectral measurements, such as transmittance, reflectivity, and detection sensitivity of some critical components used in typical QKD systems. Our results indicate the existence of wavelength regimes where the attac…
An application of quantum communications is the transmission of qubits to create shared symmetric encryption keys in a process called Quantum Key Distribution (QKD). Contrary to public-private key encryption, symmetric encryption is safe from (quantum) computing attacks, i.e. it provides forward security and is thus attractive for secure communications. In this paper we argue that for free-space quantum communications, especially with satellites, if one assumes that man-in-the-middle attacks can be detected by classical channel monitoring techniques, simplified quantum communications protocols…
Several vulnerabilities of single photon detectors have recently been exploited to compromise the security of quantum key distribution (QKD) systems. In this letter we report the first proof-of-principle implementation of a new quantum key distribution protocol that is immune to any such attack. More precisely, we demonstrated this new approach to QKD in the laboratory over more than 80 km of spooled fiber, as well as across different locations within the city of Calgary. The robustness of our fibre-based implementation, together with the enhanced level of security offered by the protocol, con…
Deep Anomaly Detection for Active Attacks on the Receiver in Quantum Key Distribution
本文提出基于单类机器学习的异常检测模型，以低成本高精度（AUC>99%）保护QKD接收端免受主动攻击，无需额外硬件且能检测未知攻击。
PQC-Enhanced QKD Networks: A Layered Approach
本文提出一种分层模块化网络架构，结合量子密钥分发和后量子密码学，实现长距离多跳可信节点量子网络的可扩展端到端安全。通过WireGuard保护跳间隧道，结合ETSI接口实现密钥轮换，再通过Rosenpass实现后量子密钥交换，提供实用假设下的后量子前向保密性和真实性。
Deploying an inter-European quantum network
本文利用多国电信光纤建成首个连接三国的QKD网络，验证其与经典通信共纤共存、密钥率、稳定性及公开展示价值。
Practical Methods for Distance-Adaptive Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution
本文提出三种实用方法以克服连续变量量子密钥分发中因常数速率FEC限制导致的距离问题，其中速率自适应FEC在较宽距离范围内实现接近渐近SKR的性能。
Secure Medical Data Transmission Using Quantum Key Distribution and Post-Quantum Cryptography in Real-World Fiber Networks
本研究在德国图林根州部署了140公里光纤的量子安全网络，结合QKD与PQC技术，实现无需修改现有医疗系统的远程医疗安全传输，验证了量子安全关键基础设施的实用框架。
Quantum Key Distribution
量子密钥分发通过量子力学原理实现信息论安全，推动量子安全密码算法的发展。
Unambiguous state discrimination (USD) is one of the major obstacles for practical quantum key distribution (QKD). Often overlooked, it allows efficient eavesdropping in majority of practical systems, provided the overall channel loss is above a certain threshold. Thus, to remain secure all such systems must not only monitor the actual loss, but also possess a comprehensive information on the safe 'loss vs. BER' levels, which is often well beyond currently known security analyses. The more advanced the protocol the tougher it becomes to find and prove corresponding bounds. To get out of this v…
In the letter, we propose an anti-quantum-channel disturbance decoder for quantum key distribution (QKD). The decoder is based on a quarter-wave plate reflector-Michelson (Q-M) interferometer, with which the QKD system can be free of polarization disturbance caused by quantum channel and optical devices in the system. The theoretical analysis indicates that the Q-M interferometer is immune to polarization-induced signal fading and its corresponding operator is Pauli Matrix σ2, which naturally satisfies the anti-disturbance condition. A Q-M interferometer based time-bin phase encoding QKD setup…
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a means of generating keys between a pair of computing hosts that is theoretically secure against cryptanalysis, even by a quantum computer. Although there is much active research into improving the QKD technology itself, there is still significant work to be done to apply engineering methodology and determine how it can be practically built to scale within an enterprise IT environment. Significant challenges exist in building a practical key management service for use in a metropolitan network. QKD is generally a point-to-point technique only and is subject t…
Experimental Simulation of Two Pulses and Three Pulses Coherent One Way Quantum Key Distribution Protocol in Noisy/Noiseless and Wired/Wireless Environment
本研究在Optisystem v21.1中仿真了双脉冲及三脉冲COW QKD协议，在噪声/无噪声及有线/无线环境下验证其编解码与传输完整性，为不同天气条件下的实际部署提供参考。
Noise-Resistant Feature-Aware Attack Detection Using Quantum Machine Learning
本文提出基于量子机器学习的攻击检测框架，利用量子数据实现抗噪和特征感知的攻击检测，提升量子通信系统的安全性。
Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a provably secure way for two distant parties to establish a common secret key, which then can be used in a classical cryptographic scheme. Using quantum entanglement, one can reduce the necessary assumptions that the parties have to make about their devices, giving rise to device-independent QKD (DIQKD). However, in all existing protocols to date the parties need to have an initial (at least partially) random seed as a resource. In this work, we show that this requirement can be dropped. Using recent advances in the fields of randomness amplification and rand…
Wide-spectrum security of quantum key distribution
本文提出一种宽频谱安全评估方法，用于确保量子密钥分发系统在光学频谱范围内的安全性，通过高灵敏度宽频带透射率 characterization 实现对光纤组件插入损耗的测量，并分析了典型QKD系统的Trojan-horse攻击等攻击方式。
Realistic vulnerabilities of decoy-state quantum key distribution
研究揭示了诱饵态QKD在激光破坏和无歧义态鉴别结合下的安全漏洞，并提出改进措施以增强防护。
Experimental composable key distribution using discrete-modulated continuous variable quantum cryptography
本文首次实验实现四态离散调制连续变量QKD系统，在20公里光纤信道上生成抗集体攻击的可组合有限长密钥，为大规模部署高性价比实用QKD网络奠定基础。
Physical unclonable functions have been shown a useful resource of randomness for implementing various cryptographic tasks including entity authentication. All of the related entity authentication protocols that have been discussed in the literature so far, either they are vulnerable to an emulation attack, or they are limited to short distances. Hence, quantum-safe remote entity authentication over large distances remains an open question. In the first part of this work we discuss the requirements that an entity authentication protocol has to offer in order to be useful for remote entity auth…
Quantum Key Distribution with Entanglement-Swapped Photons from a Quantum Emitter
本研究利用基于量子点的确定性光子源，通过纠缠交换光子实现源无关量子密钥分发，验证了量子中继器基本操作，为长距离量子安全通信迈出重要一步。
Quantum Key Distribution over Complex Networks
本研究将QKD协议嵌入复杂网络以评估整体性能，发现由于CV系统密钥率随距离衰减会损失网络特性，而采用CV与DV混合网络可同时恢复网络连通性并保持高密钥率。
Realistic Threat Models for Fiber and Free-Space Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution
本文提出了一种用于光纤和自由空间连续变量量子密钥分发的现实威胁模型，分析了不同信任水平下协议的鲁棒性，并展示了其在卫星通信中的优势。
WLPA: A Network Management Framework for Allocating Scarce Quantum-Safe Link Postures under Weakest-Link Exposure
针对量子安全迁移中稀缺QKD资源的分配问题，提出WLPA框架，以闭式解和高效算法实现最弱链路姿态最优分配，并通过二分法指导启发式方法的适用性，实验验证其有效性。
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