低温下提高黄头鲷生产性能的营养策略
A nutritional strategy to promote gilthead seabream performance under low temperatures
摘要：
金头鲷（Sparus aurata）易受低水温的影响，这可能发生在南欧和地中海地区的冬季。鱼类是变温动物，因此摄食、消化、代谢和最终生长都受到水温的影响。本研究旨在评估生长性能，饲料利用率，营养物质表观消化率，和氮损失的环境下饲养的低温（13摄氏度）下的幼鲷。制定了三种等脂和等能饮食：含44%粗蛋白和27.5%鱼粉的类似商业饮食（COM）;含42% CP（ECO和ECOSup）、减少FM含量和15%家禽粉的2种饮食。ECOSup饲料补充了旨在促进鱼类生长和饲料摄入的饲料添加剂混合物。ECO饮食比COM饮食的生产成本更低，并且包含更可持续的成分。将青少年（154.5 g）随机分配到一式三份的水槽中，并饲喂饲料84天。喂食ECOSup和COM饲料的鱼达到相似的最终体重。ECOSup喂养的鱼比COM喂养的鱼呈现显著更高的HSI，可能是由于更高的肝糖原储备。ECOSup喂养的鱼的VSI显著低于COM喂养的鱼，从消费者的角度来看，这是一个积极的成就。ECOSup和COM日粮的养分消化率相似。喂鱼与ECO饮食导致较低的粪便氮损失相比，COM喂鱼。用生态友好的饲料和混合饲料添加剂喂养海鸟，促进生长，改善鱼类营养状况，最大限度地减少氮对环境的损失，同时降低生产成本。最终促进饲料摄入和饮食利用的营养策略是有价值的工具，可以帮助调节鱼类即使在不利条件下也能维持生长。
英文摘要：
Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) is vulnerable to low water temperature, which may occur in the Southern Europe and Mediterranean region during Winter. Fish are poikilothermic animals, so feed intake, digestion, metabolism and ultimately growth are affected by water temperature. This study aimed to evaluate growth performance, feed utilisation, nutrient apparent digestibility, and N losses to the environment in seabream juveniles reared under low temperature (13 degrees Celsius). Three isolipid and isoenergetic diets were formulated: a commercial-like diet (COM) with 44% crude protein and 27.5% fishmeal; and 2 diets with 42% CP (ECO and ECOSup), reduced FM inclusion, and 15% poultry meal. ECOSup diet was supplemented with a mix of feed additives intended to promote fish growth and feed intake. The ECO diets presented lower production costs than the COM diet and included more sustainable ingredients. Seabream juveniles (154.5 g) were randomly assigned to triplicate tanks and fed the diets for 84 days. Fish fed the ECOSup and COM diets attained a similar final body weight. ECOSup fed fish presented significantly higher HSI than COM fed fish, probably due to higher hepatic glycogen reserves. The VSI of ECOSup fed fish were significantly lower compared to COM fed fish, which is a positive achievement from a consumer point of view. Nutrient digestibility was similar in ECOSup and COM diets. Feeding fish with the ECO diets resulted in lower faecal N losses when compared to COM fed fish. Feeding seabream with an eco-friendly diet with a mix of feed additives promoted growth, improved fish nutritional status and minimised N losses to the environment whilst lowering production costs. Nutritional strategies that ultimately promote feed intake and diet utilisation are valuable tools that may help conditioning fish to sustain growth even under adverse conditions.
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