arXivDaily arXiv每日学术速递 周一至周五更新
arXiv 2109.06353cond-mat.softcond-mat.stat-mech
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与边界相互作用的活性布朗粒子的稳态

Steady states of active Brownian particles interacting with boundaries

Caleb G. Wagner, Michael F. Hagan, Aparna Baskaran

AI总结:

本文针对二维无相互作用活性布朗粒子,提出一种将稳态 Smoluchowski 方程渐近解与边界条件显式连接的近似策略,并在平面、圆形和椭圆几何中验证其有效性,揭示了边界处细致平衡破缺与长程流动及耗尽相互作用的联系。

摘要:

活性布朗粒子是耗散环境中自驱动胶体的最小模型。实验和模拟表明,在存在边界和障碍物的情况下,活性布朗粒子系统会趋向非平凡的、非平衡稳态,并表现出引人注目的现象学,例如在边界处积累、棘轮效应和长程耗尽相互作用。然而,对这些现象的理论分析已被证明是困难的。在此,我们在二维无相互作用粒子的背景下应对这一理论挑战,将我们的分析建立在单粒子分布函数的稳态 Smoluchowski 方程之上。我们的主要结果是一种近似策略,该策略明确地将 Smoluchowski 方程的渐近解与边界条件联系起来。我们在二维平面几何中对照精确解析解,以及在圆形和椭圆形几何中对照数值解,对该近似进行了检验。我们发现,只要边界条件相对于粒子轨迹的持久长度变化不是太快,该近似就能给出良好的一致性。我们的结果对于表征此类系统中的长程流动和耗尽相互作用具有重要意义。特别是,我们的框架展示了这些行为如何与边界处细致平衡的破缺相联系。

英文摘要:

An active Brownian particle is a minimal model for a self-propelled colloid in a dissipative environment. Experiments and simulations show that, in the presence of boundaries and obstacles, active Brownian particle systems approach nontrivial nonequilibrium steady states with intriguing phenomenology, such as accumulation at boundaries, ratchet effects, and long-range depletion interactions. Nevertheless, theoretical analysis of these phenomena has proven difficult. Here we address this theoretical challenge in the context of non-interacting particles in two dimensions, basing our analysis on the steady-state Smoluchowski equation for the 1-particle distribution function. Our primary result is an approximation strategy that explicitly connects asymptotic solutions of the Smoluchowski equation to boundary conditions. We test this approximation against the exact analytic solution in a 2d planar geometry as well as numerical solutions in circular and elliptic geometries. We find good agreement so long as the boundary conditions do not vary too rapidly with respect to the persistence length of particle trajectories. Our results are relevant for characterizing long-range flows and depletion interactions in such systems. In particular, our framework shows how such behaviors are connected to the breaking of detailed balance at the boundaries.

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