arXiv 2109.020122021-09-05cs.CRcs.CYcs.DC

后量子VRF及其在面向未来的区块链系统中的应用

Post-Quantum VRF and its Applications in Future-Proof Blockchain System

Zengpeng Li, Teik Guan Tan, Pawel Szalachowski, Vishal Sharma, Jianying Zhou

备注：: 13 pages; 5 figures; 45 References; 3 tables; this paper is our original unpublished work

摘要：

可验证随机函数（Verifiable Random Function，简称VRF）是一种功能强大的伪随机函数，可以提供非交互式的公共可验证证明，以证明其输出的正确性。最近，VRF在区块链设计中找到了重要的应用，例如随机信标和权益证明共识协议。据我们所知，第一代区块链系统使用了固有的低效工作量证明共识，研究界试图通过提出权益证明方案来实现相同的属性，其中资源密集型工作量证明由加密构造来模拟。不幸的是，那些讨论最多的权益证明共识（例如，Algorand和Ouroborous家族）并不是面向未来的，因为构建模块只有在经典的硬假设下才是安全的;特别是，他们的设计忽略了量子计算的出现及其影响。在本文中，我们提出了一个通用的编译器，以获得后量子VRF从简单的VRF解决方案，使用密钥原语（例如，非交互式零知识系统）具有量子安全的内在属性。我们的新的解决方案是通过两个有效的零知识系统ZKBoo和ZKB++，分别实现，以验证编译器的正确性。我们的概念验证实施表明，即使在今天，我们的解决方案引入的开销在实际部署中也是可以接受的。我们还展示了量子安全VRF的潜在应用，例如量子安全分散随机信标和基于彩票的利益证明共识区块链协议。

英文摘要：

A verifiable random function (VRF in short) is a powerful pseudo-random function that provides a non-interactively public verifiable proof for the correctness of its output. Recently, VRFs have found essential applications in blockchain design, such as random beacons and proof-of-stake consensus protocols. To our knowledge, the first generation of blockchain systems used inherently inefficient proof-of-work consensuses, and the research community tried to achieve the same properties by proposing proof-of-stake schemes where resource-intensive proof-of-work is emulated by cryptographic constructions. Unfortunately, those most discussed proof-of-stake consensuses (e.g., Algorand and Ouroborous family) are not future-proof because the building blocks are secure only under the classical hard assumptions; in particular, their designs ignore the advent of quantum computing and its implications. In this paper, we propose a generic compiler to obtain the post-quantum VRF from the simple VRF solution using symmetric-key primitives (e.g., non-interactive zero-knowledge system) with an intrinsic property of quantum-secure. Our novel solution is realized via two efficient zero-knowledge systems ZKBoo and ZKB++, respectively, to validate the compiler correctness. Our proof-of-concept implementation indicates that even today, the overheads introduced by our solution are acceptable in real-world deployments. We also demonstrate potential applications of a quantum-secure VRF, such as quantum-secure decentralized random beacon and lottery-based proof of stake consensus blockchain protocol.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。

摘要：

英文摘要：

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