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评估后量子数字签名算法对区块链的影响

Assessing the Impact of Post-Quantum Digital Signature Algorithms on Blockchains

PUCRS（天主教巴西利亚大学）；UNIPAMPA（巴伊亚联邦大学帕姆帕校区）；IFRS（南里奥格兰德联邦学院）

Alison Gonçalves Schemitt, Henrique Fan da Silva, Roben Castagna Lunardi, Diego Kreutz, Rodrigo Brandão Mansilha, Avelino Francisco Zorzo

备注：
8 pages, 4 figures. Accepted paper in IEEE 24th International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications (TrustCom 2025)
发表信息：
2025 IEEE International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications (TrustCom)
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AI总结：

本文提出评估PQC和传统加密算法在区块链中的性能方法，发现PQC在高安全级别下优于ECDSA，且在低安全级别下开销较小。

摘要：

量子计算的出现威胁了传统加密算法的安全性，推动了后量子密码学（PQC）的发展。2024年，美国国家标准与技术研究院（NIST）标准化了几种PQC算法，标志着向量子抗性安全过渡的重要里程碑。区块链系统本质上依赖于密码学原语来保证数据完整性和交易真实性。然而，广泛使用的算法如ECDSA，用于比特币、以太坊等网络，易受量子攻击。尽管采用PQC对长期安全至关重要，但其在区块链环境中的计算开销仍 largely 未被探索。在本工作中，我们提出了一种在区块链背景下评估PQC和传统加密算法的方法。我们测量了签名生成和验证时间在不同计算环境中的表现，并模拟其大规模影响。我们的评估聚焦于不同安全级别（1至5）的PQC数字签名方案（ML-DSA、Dilithium、Falcon、Mayo、SLH-DSA、SPHINCS+和Cross），并与ECDSA（比特币和以太坊当前标准）进行比较。我们的结果表明，PQC算法在安全级别1中仅引入了微小的性能开销，而在某些场景下在更高安全级别上显著优于ECDSA。例如，ML-DSA在ARM基于笔记本电脑上安全级别5的验证时间为0.14毫秒，相比ECDSA的0.88毫秒。我们还提供了一个开源实现以确保可重复性和鼓励进一步研究。

英文摘要：

The advent of quantum computing threatens the security of traditional encryption algorithms, motivating the development of post-quantum cryptography (PQC). In 2024, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standardized several PQC algorithms, marking an important milestone in the transition toward quantum-resistant security. Blockchain systems fundamentally rely on cryptographic primitives to guarantee data integrity and transaction authenticity. However, widely used algorithms such as ECDSA, employed in Bitcoin, Ethereum, and other networks, are vulnerable to quantum attacks. Although adopting PQC is essential for long-term security, its computational overhead in blockchain environments remains largely unexplored. In this work, we propose a methodology for benchmarking both PQC and traditional cryptographic algorithms in blockchain contexts. We measure signature generation and verification times across diverse computational environments and simulate their impact at scale. Our evaluation focuses on PQC digital signature schemes (ML-DSA, Dilithium, Falcon, Mayo, SLH-DSA, SPHINCS+, and Cross) across security levels 1 to 5, comparing them to ECDSA, the current standard in Bitcoin and Ethereum. Our results indicate that PQC algorithms introduce only minor performance overhead at security level 1, while in some scenarios they significantly outperform ECDSA at higher security levels. For instance, ML-DSA achieves a verification time of 0.14 ms on an ARM-based laptop at level 5, compared to 0.88 ms for ECDSA. We also provide an open-source implementation to ensure reproducibility and encourage further research.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。

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