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arXiv 2109.01707astro-ph.IMcs.DL
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从数据处理到数据产品:天文学中的知识结构

From Data Processes to Data Products: Knowledge Infrastructures in Astronomy

Christine L. Borgman, Morgan F. Wofford

摘要:

我们将探讨天文学家如何从望远镜中获取观测数据,将其处理成可用的科学数据产品,为以后的使用进行管理,并重新使用数据进行进一步的调查。天文学家在知识基础设施上投入了大量资金--由人、文物和机构组成的强大网络,这些网络产生、分享和维护关于人类和自然世界的特定知识。根据十年的采访和民族志,本文比较了三个天文学团体如何捕获,处理和存档数据,以及为谁。斯隆数字巡天是一项拥有专用望远镜和仪器的任务,而黑洞小组和综合天文学小组(两者都是缩写)是以大学为基础,由天文学家领导的合作项目。调查结果分为四个主题:这些项目如何开发和维护他们的工作流程;他们如何捕获和归档他们的数据;他们如何维护和修复知识基础设施;以及他们如何使用和重用数据产品随着时间的推移。我们发现天文学家将他们的研究方法编码在称为管道的软件中。算法有助于将望远镜对准目标,消除伪影,校准仪器,并完成无数的验证任务。观测结果可能经过多次再处理,成为新的数据产品,用于新的科学目的。这些项目的主要目标是以科学出版物的形式产生知识。它们在激励措施和资源方面各不相同,以维持对其数据产品的访问。我们的结论是,软件管道是天文知识基础设施的重要组成部分,但脆弱,难以维护和修复,往往是无形的。数据产品的再利用是天文学的基础,无论这些资源是否公开。我们提出了建议,以维持访问天文学等科学领域的数据产品。

英文摘要:

We explore how astronomers take observational data from telescopes, process them into usable scientific data products, curate them for later use, and reuse data for further inquiry. Astronomers have invested heavily in knowledge infrastructures - robust networks of people, artifacts, and institutions that generate, share, and maintain specific knowledge about the human and natural worlds. Drawing upon a decade of interviews and ethnography, this article compares how three astronomy groups capture, process, and archive data, and for whom. The Sloan Digital Sky Survey is a mission with a dedicated telescope and instruments, while the Black Hole Group and Integrative Astronomy Group (both pseudonyms) are university-based, investigator-led collaborations. Findings are organized into four themes: how these projects develop and maintain their workflows; how they capture and archive their data; how they maintain and repair knowledge infrastructures; and how they use and reuse data products over time. We found that astronomers encode their research methods in software known as pipelines. Algorithms help to point telescopes at targets, remove artifacts, calibrate instruments, and accomplish myriad validation tasks. Observations may be reprocessed many times to become new data products that serve new scientific purposes. Knowledge production in the form of scientific publications is the primary goal of these projects. They vary in incentives and resources to sustain access to their data products. We conclude that software pipelines are essential components of astronomical knowledge infrastructures, but are fragile, difficult to maintain and repair, and often invisible. Reusing data products is fundamental to the science of astronomy, whether or not those resources are made publicly available. We make recommendations for sustaining access to data products in scientific fields such as astronomy.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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