Global Pooling, More than Meets the Eye: Position Information is Encoded Channel-Wise in CNNs
Ryerson University（瑞尔森大学）；Vector Institute for AI（向量人工智能研究所）；York University（约克大学）；Toronto AI Lab, LG Electronics（LG电子多伦多人工智能实验室）；Samsung AI Centre Toronto（三星多伦多人工智能中心）；University of Guelph（圭尔夫大学）
Md Amirul Islam, Matthew Kowal, Sen Jia, Konstantinos G. Derpanis, Neil D. B. Bruce
In this paper, we challenge the common assumption that collapsing the spatial dimensions of a 3D (spatial-channel) tensor in a convolutional neural network (CNN) into a vector via global pooling removes all spatial information. Specifically, we demonstrate that positional information is encoded based on the ordering of the channel dimensions, while semantic information is largely not. Following this demonstration, we show the real world impact of these findings by applying them to two applications. First, we propose a simple yet effective data augmentation strategy and loss function which improves the translation invariance of a CNN's output. Second, we propose a method to efficiently determine which channels in the latent representation are responsible for (i) encoding overall position information or (ii) region-specific positions. We first show that semantic segmentation has a significant reliance on the overall position channels to make predictions. We then show for the first time that it is possible to perform a `region-specific' attack, and degrade a network's performance in a particular part of the input. We believe our findings and demonstrated applications will benefit research areas concerned with understanding the characteristics of CNNs.
Tianjin University（天津大学）；Dalian University of Technology（大连理工大学）；Harbin Institute of Technology（哈尔滨工业大学）
Recent works have demonstrated that global covariance pooling (GCP) has the ability to improve performance of deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) on visual classification task. Despite considerable advance, the reasons on effectiveness of GCP on deep CNNs have not been well studied. In this paper, we make an attempt to understand what deep CNNs benefit from GCP in a viewpoint of optimization. Specifically, we explore the effect of GCP on deep CNNs in terms of the Lipschitzness of optimization loss and the predictiveness of gradients, and show that GCP can make the optimization landscape …
We address the problem of weakly-supervised semantic segmentation (WSSS) using bounding box annotations. Although object bounding boxes are good indicators to segment corresponding objects, they do not specify object boundaries, making it hard to train convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for semantic segmentation. We find that background regions are perceptually consistent in part within an image, and this can be leveraged to discriminate foreground and background regions inside object bounding boxes. To implement this idea, we propose a novel pooling method, dubbed background-aware pooling (…
HERE North America LLC（HERE北美有限责任公司）；University of South Carolina（南卡罗来纳大学）；Tianjin University（天津大学）
Region-based Convolutional Neural Networks (R-CNNs) have achieved great success in the field of object detection. The existing R-CNNs usually divide a Region-of-Interest (ROI) into grids, and then localize objects by utilizing the spatial information reflected by the relative position of each grid in the ROI. In this paper, we propose a novel feature-encoding approach, where spatial information is represented through the spatial distributions of visual patterns. In particular, we design a Mask Weight Network (MWN) to learn a set of masks and then apply channel-wise masking operations to ROI fe…
In recent years, many publications showed that convolutional neural network based features can have a superior performance to engineered features. However, not much effort was taken so far to extract local features efficiently for a whole image. In this paper, we present an approach to compute patch-based local feature descriptors efficiently in presence of pooling and striding layers for whole images at once. Our approach is generic and can be applied to nearly all existing network architectures. This includes networks for all local feature extraction tasks like camera calibration, Patchmatch…
There are a variety of approaches to obtain a vast receptive field with convolutional neural networks (CNNs), such as pooling or striding convolutions. Most of these approaches were initially designed for image classification and later adapted to dense prediction tasks, such as semantic segmentation. However, the major drawback of this adaptation is the loss of spatial information. Even the popular dilated convolution approach, which in theory is able to operate with full spatial resolution, needs to subsample features for large image sizes in order to make the training and inference tractable…
Carnegie Mellon University（卡内基梅隆大学）；University of Texas at Austin（得克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校）
In recent years, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have shown superior capability in visual learning tasks. While accuracy-wise CNNs provide unprecedented performance, they are also known to be computationally intensive and energy demanding for modern computer systems. In this paper, we propose Virtual Pooling (ViP), a model-level approach to improve speed and energy consumption of CNN-based image classification and object detection tasks, with a provable error bound. We show the efficacy of ViP through experiments on four CNN models, three representative datasets, both desktop and mobile p…
Information Technology University（信息技术大学）；The Home Depot（家得宝）
Body-Mass-Index (BMI) conveys important information about one's life such as health and socio-economic conditions. Large-scale automatic estimation of BMIs can help predict several societal behaviors such as health, job opportunities, friendships, and popularity. The recent works have either employed hand-crafted geometrical face features or face-level deep convolutional neural network features for face to BMI prediction. The hand-crafted geometrical face feature lack generalizability and face-level deep features don't have detailed local information. Although useful, these methods missed the …
University of Bristol（布里斯托大学）；Utrecht University（乌得勒支大学）
Pooling layers are essential building blocks of convolutional neural networks (CNNs), to reduce computational overhead and increase the receptive fields of proceeding convolutional operations. Their goal is to produce downsampled volumes that closely resemble the input volume while, ideally, also being computationally and memory efficient. Meeting both these requirements remains a challenge. To this end, we propose an adaptive and exponentially weighted pooling method: adaPool. Our method learns a regional-specific fusion of two sets of pooling kernels that are based on the exponent of the Dic…
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have achieved promising results in medical image segmentation. However, CNNs require lots of training data and are incapable of handling pose and deformation of objects. Furthermore, their pooling layers tend to discard important information such as positions as well as CNNs are sensitive to rotation and affine transformation. Capsule network is a recent new architecture that has achieved better robustness in part-whole representation learning by replacing pooling layers with dynamic routing and convolutional strides, which has shown potential results on po…
Omni-directional cameras have many advantages overconventional cameras in that they have a much wider field-of-view (FOV). Accordingly, several approaches have beenproposed recently to apply convolutional neural networks(CNNs) to omni-directional images for various visual tasks.However, most of them use image representations defined inthe Euclidean space after transforming the omni-directionalviews originally formed in the non-Euclidean space. Thistransformation leads to shape distortion due to nonuniformspatial resolving power and the loss of continuity. Theseeffects make existing convolution…
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have been successful in solving tasks in computer vision including medical image segmentation due to their ability to automatically extract features from unstructured data. However, CNNs are sensitive to rotation and affine transformation and their success relies on huge-scale labeled datasets capturing various input variations. This network paradigm has posed challenges at scale because acquiring annotated data for medical segmentation is expensive, and strict privacy regulations. Furthermore, visual representation learning with CNNs has its own flaws, e.g…
Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are inherently limited to model geometric transformations due to the fixed geometric structures in its building modules. In this work, we introduce two new modules to enhance the transformation modeling capacity of CNNs, namely, deformable convolution and deformable RoI pooling. Both are based on the idea of augmenting the spatial sampling locations in the modules with additional offsets and learning the offsets from target tasks, without additional supervision. The new modules can readily replace their plain counterparts in existing CNNs and can be easily …
Recent RGB-D semantic segmentation has motivated research interest thanks to the accessibility of complementary modalities from the input side. Existing works often adopt a two-stream architecture that processes photometric and geometric information in parallel, with few methods explicitly leveraging the contribution of depth cues to adjust the sampling position on RGB images. In this paper, we propose a novel framework to incorporate the depth information in the RGB convolutional neural network (CNN), termed Z-ACN (Depth-Adapted CNN). Specifically, our Z-ACN generates a 2D depth-adapted offse…
PVAFN: Point-Voxel Attention Fusion Network with Multi-Pooling Enhancing for 3D Object Detection
College of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology（太原理工大学计算机科学与技术学院）；Key Laboratory of Machine Perception, Peking University（北京大学机器感知实验室）；University of Pisa（比萨大学）；University of Trento（特伦托大学）
Technical University of Munich（慕尼黑工业大学）；Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems（马克斯·普朗克智能系统研究所）
Dense pixelwise prediction such as semantic segmentation is an up-to-date challenge for deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Many state-of-the-art approaches either tackle the loss of high-resolution information due to pooling in the encoder stage, or use dilated convolutions or high-resolution lanes to maintain detailed feature maps and predictions. Motivated by the structural analogy between multi-resolution wavelet analysis and the pooling/unpooling layers of CNNs, we introduce discrete wavelet transform (DWT) into the CNN encoder-decoder architecture and propose WCNN. The high-freque…
The University of Adelaide（阿德莱德大学）；Australian Centre for Robotic Vision（澳大利亚机器人视觉中心）
Recently, very deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have shown outstanding performance in object recognition and have also been the first choice for dense classification problems such as semantic segmentation. However, repeated subsampling operations like pooling or convolution striding in deep CNNs lead to a significant decrease in the initial image resolution. Here, we present RefineNet, a generic multi-path refinement network that explicitly exploits all the information available along the down-sampling process to enable high-resolution prediction using long-range residual connections.…
VinAI Research（VinAI研究院）；University of Arkansas（阿肯色大学）
Medical image segmentation has been so far achieving promising results with Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). However, it is arguable that in traditional CNNs, its pooling layer tends to discard important information such as positions. Moreover, CNNs are sensitive to rotation and affine transformation. Capsule network is a data-efficient network design proposed to overcome such limitations by replacing pooling layers with dynamic routing and convolutional strides, which aims to preserve the part-whole relationships. Capsule network has shown a great performance in image recognition and nat…
Convolutional neural networks (CNN) have been more and more applied in mobile robotics such as intelligent vehicles. Security of CNNs in robotics applications is an important issue, for which potential adversarial attacks on CNNs are worth research. Pooling is a typical step of dimension reduction and information discarding in CNNs. Such information discarding may result in mis-deletion and mis-preservation of data features which largely influence the output of the network. This may aggravate the vulnerability of CNNs to adversarial attacks. In this paper, we conduct adversarial attacks on CNN…
Zongmu Technology（纵目科技）；Technical University of Braunschweig（布伦瑞克工业大学）；Central South University（中南大学）
Channel and spatial attention mechanism has proven to provide an evident performance boost of deep convolution neural networks (CNNs). Most existing methods focus on one or run them parallel (series), neglecting the collaboration between the two attentions. In order to better establish the feature interaction between the two types of attention, we propose a plug-and-play attention module, which we term "CAT"-activating the Collaboration between spatial and channel Attentions based on learned Traits. Specifically, we represent traits as trainable coefficients (i.e., colla-factors) to adaptively…
Missouri University of Science and Technology（密苏里科技大学）
Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have made resounding success in many computer vision tasks such as image classification and object detection. However, their performance degrades rapidly on tougher tasks where images are of low resolution or objects are small. In this paper, we point out that this roots in a defective yet common design in existing CNN architectures, namely the use of strided convolution and/or pooling layers, which results in a loss of fine-grained information and learning of less effective feature representations. To this end, we propose a new CNN building block called SP…
Pooling is essentially an operation from the field of Mathematical Morphology, with max pooling as a limited special case. The more general setting of MorphPooling greatly extends the tool set for building neural networks. In addition to pooling operations, encoder-decoder networks used for pixel-level predictions also require unpooling. It is common to combine unpooling with convolution or deconvolution for up-sampling. However, using its morphological properties, unpooling can be generalised and improved. Extensive experimentation on two tasks and three large-scale datasets shows that morpho…
Visual interpretability of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) has gained significant popularity because of the great challenges that CNN complexity imposes to understanding their inner workings. Although many techniques have been proposed to visualize class features of CNNs, most of them do not provide a correspondence between inputs and the extracted features in specific layers. This prevents the discovery of stimuli that each layer responds better to. We propose an approach to visually interpret CNN features given a set of images by creating corresponding images that depict the most inform…
This paper presents a new version of Dropout called Split Dropout (sDropout) and rotational convolution techniques to improve CNNs' performance on image classification. The widely used standard Dropout has advantage of preventing deep neural networks from overfitting by randomly dropping units during training. Our sDropout randomly splits the data into two subsets and keeps both rather than discards one subset. We also introduce two rotational convolution techniques, i.e. rotate-pooling convolution (RPC) and flip-rotate-pooling convolution (FRPC) to boost CNNs' performance on the robustness fo…
BEVSpread: Spread Voxel Pooling for Bird's-Eye-View Representation in Vision-based Roadside 3D Object Detection
College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University（浙江大学计算机科学与技术学院）；Polytechnic Institute, Zhejiang University Baidu（浙江大学百度理工学院）；Zhejiang – Singapore Innovation and AI Joint Research Lab（浙新创新与人工智能联合研究实验室）
Tianjin University（天津大学）；Dalian University of Technology（大连理工大学）；Harbin Institute of Technology（哈尔滨工业大学）；The Hong Kong Polytechnic University（香港理工大学）
Compared with global average pooling in existing deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs), global covariance pooling can capture richer statistics of deep features, having potential for improving representation and generalization abilities of deep CNNs. However, integration of global covariance pooling into deep CNNs brings two challenges: (1) robust covariance estimation given deep features of high dimension and small sample size; (2) appropriate usage of geometry of covariances. To address these challenges, we propose a global Matrix Power Normalized COVariance (MPN-COV) Pooling. Our MPN-CO…
Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）；École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)（洛桑联邦理工学院）
Pooling and unpooling are two essential operations in constructing hierarchical spherical convolutional neural networks (HS-CNNs) for comprehensive feature learning in the spherical domain. Most existing models employ downsampling-based pooling, which will inevitably incur information loss and cannot adapt to different spherical signals and tasks. Besides, the preserved information after pooling cannot be well restored by the subsequent unpooling to characterize the desirable features for a task. In this paper, we propose a novel framework of HS-CNNs with a lifting structure to learn adaptive …
University of Massachusetts, Amherst（马萨诸塞大学阿默斯特分校）
Bilinear pooling of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) features [22, 23], and their compact variants [10], have been shown to be effective at fine-grained recognition, scene categorization, texture recognition, and visual question-answering tasks among others. The resulting representation captures second-order statistics of convolutional features in a translationally invariant manner. In this paper we investigate various ways of normalizing these statistics to improve their representation power. In particular we find that the matrix square-root normalization offers significant improvements and…
This paper describes a novel approach to perform vehicle trajectory predictions employing graphic representations. The vehicles are represented using Gaussian distributions into a Bird Eye View. Then the U-net model is used to perform sequence to sequence predictions. This deep learning-based methodology has been trained using the HighD dataset, which contains vehicles' detection in a highway scenario from aerial imagery. The problem is faced as an image to image regression problem training the network to learn the underlying relations between the traffic participants. This approach generates …
Finding local correspondences between images with different viewpoints requires local descriptors that are robust against geometric transformations. An approach for transformation invariance is to integrate out the transformations by pooling the features extracted from transformed versions of an image. However, the feature pooling may sacrifice the distinctiveness of the resulting descriptors. In this paper, we introduce a novel visual descriptor named Group Invariant Feature Transform (GIFT), which is both discriminative and robust to geometric transformations. The key idea is that the featur…
Harbin Institute of Technology（哈尔滨工业大学）；Peking University（北京大学）
In most convolution neural networks (CNNs), downsampling hidden layers is adopted for increasing computation efficiency and the receptive field size. Such operation is commonly so-called pooling. Maximation and averaging over sliding windows (max/average pooling), and plain downsampling in the form of strided convolution are popular pooling methods. Since the pooling is a lossy procedure, a motivation of our work is to design a new pooling approach for less lossy in the dimensionality reduction. Inspired by the Fourier spectral pooling(FSP) proposed by Rippel et. al. [1], we present the Hartle…
The University of Queensland（昆士兰大学）；The University of Adelaide（阿德莱德大学）；Australian Centre for Robotic Vision（澳大利亚机器人视觉中心）
Encouraged by the success of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) in image classification, recently much effort is spent on applying CNNs to video based action recognition problems. One challenge is that video contains a varying number of frames which is incompatible to the standard input format of CNNs. Existing methods handle this issue either by directly sampling a fixed number of frames or bypassing this issue by introducing a 3D convolutional layer which conducts convolution in spatial-temporal domain. To solve this issue, here we propose a novel network structure which allows an arbitrar…
Many of our core assumptions about how neural networks operate remain empirically untested. One common assumption is that convolutional neural networks need to be stable to small translations and deformations to solve image recognition tasks. For many years, this stability was baked into CNN architectures by incorporating interleaved pooling layers. Recently, however, interleaved pooling has largely been abandoned. This raises a number of questions: Are our intuitions about deformation stability right at all? Is it important? Is pooling necessary for deformation invariance? If not, how is defo…
Supporting Mitosis Detection AI Training with Inter-Observer Eye-Gaze Consistencies
University of California, Los Angeles（加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校）；University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign（伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校）；UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine（加州大学洛杉矶分校大卫·格芬医学院）；Kansas University Medical Center（堪萨斯大学医学中心）
Inspired by the success of recent vision transformers and large kernel design in convolutional neural networks (CNNs), in this paper, we analyze and explore essential reasons for their success. We claim two factors that are critical for 3D large-scale scene understanding: a larger receptive field and operations with greater non-linearity. The former is responsible for providing long range contexts and the latter can enhance the capacity of the network. To achieve the above properties, we propose a simple yet effective long range pooling (LRP) module using dilation max pooling, which provides a…
Many animals and humans process the visual field with a varying spatial resolution (foveated vision) and use peripheral processing to make eye movements and point the fovea to acquire high-resolution information about objects of interest. This architecture results in computationally efficient rapid scene exploration. Recent progress in self-attention-based Vision Transformers, an alternative to the traditionally convolution-reliant computer vision systems. However, the Transformer models do not explicitly model the foveated properties of the visual system nor the interaction between eye moveme…
Huawei Noah’s Ark Lab（华为诺亚方舟实验室）；University of Sydney（悉尼大学）
This paper expands the strength of deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to the pedestrian attribute recognition problem by devising a novel attribute aware pooling algorithm. Existing vanilla CNNs cannot be straightforwardly applied to handle multi-attribute data because of the larger label space as well as the attribute entanglement and correlations. We tackle these challenges that hampers the development of CNNs for multi-attribute classification by fully exploiting the correlation between different attributes. The multi-branch architecture is adopted for fucusing on attributes at diffe…
National Institute of Technology Trichy（特里奇国家理工学院）；Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad（帕拉卡德印度理工学院）
With the introduction of anti-aliased convolutional neural networks (CNN), there has been some resurgence in relooking the way pooling is done in CNNs. The fundamental building block of the anti-aliased CNN has been the application of Gaussian smoothing before the pooling operation to reduce the distortion due to aliasing thereby making CNNs shift invariant. Wavelet based approaches have also been proposed as a possibility of additional noise removal capability and gave interesting results for even segmentation tasks. However, all the approaches proposed completely remove the high frequency co…
University of Wollongong（卧龙岗大学）；University of Electronic Science and Technology of China（电子科技大学）
Pooling is an important component in convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for aggregating features and reducing computational burden. Compared with other components such as convolutional layers and fully connected layers which are completely learned from data, the pooling component is still handcrafted such as max pooling and average pooling. This paper proposes a learnable pooling function using recurrent neural networks (RNN) so that the pooling can be fully adapted to data and other components of the network, leading to an improved performance. Such a network with learnable pooling function…
Siegen University（锡根大学）；Fraunhofer ITWM（弗劳恩霍夫工业数学研究所）；Offenburg University（奥芬堡大学）；Max Planck Institute for Informatics（马克斯·普朗克信息学研究所）
Over the last years, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have been the dominating neural architecture in a wide range of computer vision tasks. From an image and signal processing point of view, this success might be a bit surprising as the inherent spatial pyramid design of most CNNs is apparently violating basic signal processing laws, i.e. Sampling Theorem in their down-sampling operations. However, since poor sampling appeared not to affect model accuracy, this issue has been broadly neglected until model robustness started to receive more attention. Recent work [17] in the context of adv…
Huazhong University of Science and Technology（华中科技大学）；City University of Hong Kong（香港城市大学）
Convolution operations dominate the overall execution time of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). This paper proposes an easy yet efficient technique for both Convolutional Neural Network training and testing. The conventional convolution and pooling operations are replaced by Easy Convolution and Random Pooling (ECP). In ECP, we randomly select one pixel out of four and only conduct convolution operations of the selected pixel. As a result, only a quarter of the conventional convolution computations are needed. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed EasyConvPooling can achieve 1.45x spee…
Fix your downsampling ASAP! Be natively more robust via Aliasing and Spectral Artifact free Pooling
Department of Machine Learning（机器学习系）；University of Mannheim（曼海姆大学）；Department of High Performance Computing（高性能计算系）；Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Mathematics（工业数学弗劳恩霍夫研究所）；Institute for Machine Learning and Analytics（机器学习与分析研究所）；Offenburg University（奥芬堡大学）；Department of Computer Vision and Machine Learning（计算机视觉与机器学习系）；Max Planck Institute for Informatics（信息学马克斯·普朗克研究所）
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are artificial learning systems typically based on two operations: convolution, which implements feature extraction through filtering, and pooling, which implements dimensionality reduction. The impact of pooling in the classification performance of the CNNs has been highlighted in several previous works, and a variety of alternative pooling operators have been proposed. However, only a few of them tackle with the uncertainty that is naturally propagated from the input layer to the feature maps of the hidden layers through convolutions. In this paper we pre…
Convolutional neural networks (CNN) have achieved state of the art performance on both classification and segmentation tasks. Applying CNNs to microscopy images is challenging due to the lack of datasets labeled at the single cell level. We extend the application of CNNs to microscopy image classification and segmentation using multiple instance learning (MIL). We present the adaptive Noisy-AND MIL pooling function, a new MIL operator that is robust to outliers. Combining CNNs with MIL enables training CNNs using full resolution microscopy images with global labels. We base our approach on the…
Utrecht University（乌得勒支大学）；University of Warwick（华威大学）
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) use pooling to decrease the size of activation maps. This process is crucial to increase the receptive fields and to reduce computational requirements of subsequent convolutions. An important feature of the pooling operation is the minimization of information loss, with respect to the initial activation maps, without a significant impact on the computation and memory overhead. To meet these requirements, we propose SoftPool: a fast and efficient method for exponentially weighted activation downsampling. Through experiments across a range of architectures an…
University of Potsdam（波茨坦大学）；Humboldt University of Berlin（柏林洪堡大学）
HexagDLy is a Python-library extending the PyTorch deep learning framework with convolution and pooling operations on hexagonal grids. It aims to ease the access to convolutional neural networks for applications that rely on hexagonally sampled data as, for example, commonly found in ground-based astroparticle physics experiments.
Global Average Pooling (GAP) is used by default on the channel-wise attention mechanism to extract channel descriptors. However, the simple global aggregation method of GAP is easy to make the channel descriptors have homogeneity, which weakens the detail distinction between feature maps, thus affecting the performance of the attention mechanism. In this work, we propose a novel method for channel-wise attention network, called Stochastic Region Pooling (SRP), which makes the channel descriptors more representative and diversity by encouraging the feature map to have more or wider important fe…
Shenzhen University（深圳大学）；Norwegian Research Center（挪威研究中心）
Promising results for subjective image quality prediction have been achieved during the past few years by using convolutional neural networks (CNN). However, the use of CNNs for high resolution image quality assessment remains a challenge, since typical CNN architectures have been designed for small resolution input images. In this study, we propose an image quality model that attempts to mimic the attention mechanism of human visual system (HVS) by using a recurrent neural network (RNN) for spatial pooling of the features extracted from different spatial areas (patches) by a deep CNN-based fe…
Vision Transformer (ViT) extracts the final representation from either class token or an average of all patch tokens, following the architecture of Transformer in Natural Language Processing (NLP) or Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) in computer vision. However, studies for the best way of aggregating the patch tokens are still limited to average pooling, while widely-used pooling strategies, such as max and GeM pooling, can be considered. Despite their effectiveness, the existing pooling strategies do not consider the architecture of ViT and the channel-wise difference in the activation ma…
Binghamton University（宾汉姆顿大学）；IBM T.J. Watson Research Center（IBM T.J. 沃森研究中心）；University of California, San Diego（加州大学圣地亚哥分校）
Feature pooling layers (e.g., max pooling) in convolutional neural networks (CNNs) serve the dual purpose of providing increasingly abstract representations as well as yielding computational savings in subsequent convolutional layers. We view the pooling operation in CNNs as a two-step procedure: first, a pooling window (e.g., $2\times 2$) slides over the feature map with stride one which leaves the spatial resolution intact, and second, downsampling is performed by selecting one pixel from each non-overlapping pooling window in an often uniform and deterministic (e.g., top-left) manner. Our s…
A Synergistic CNN-Transformer Network with Pooling Attention Fusion for Hyperspectral Image Classification
College of Engineering（工程学院）；School of Electronic Information and Communications（电子信息与通信学院）；Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics（长春光学精密机械与物理研究所）；School of Computer Science and Technology（计算机科学与技术学院）；School of Intelligent Manufacturing and Electrical Engineering（智能制造与电气工程学院）
Geo-ConvGRU: Geographically Masked Convolutional Gated Recurrent Unit for Bird-Eye View Segmentation
School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT)（哈尔滨工业大学仪器科学与工程学院）；Huawei Noah’s Ark Lab, Huawei inc.（华为诺亚方舟实验室）；School of Astronautics, Beihang University（北京航空航天大学宇航学院）
University of Milan-Bicocca（米兰比可卡大学）；University of Pavia（帕维亚大学）
In this work we describe a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to accurately predict the scene illumination. Taking image patches as input, the CNN works in the spatial domain without using hand-crafted features that are employed by most previous methods. The network consists of one convolutional layer with max pooling, one fully connected layer and three output nodes. Within the network structure, feature learning and regression are integrated into one optimization process, which leads to a more effective model for estimating scene illumination. This approach achieves state-of-the-art performa…
Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah（犹他大学科学计算与影像研究所）；Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah（犹他大学放射学与影像科学系）
Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been successfully applied to chest x-ray (CXR) images. Moreover, annotated bounding boxes have been shown to improve the interpretability of a CNN in terms of localizing abnormalities. However, only a few relatively small CXR datasets containing bounding boxes are available, and collecting them is very costly. Opportunely, eye-tracking (ET) data can be collected in a non-intrusive way during the clinical workflow of a radiologist. We use ET data recorded from radiologists while dictating CXR reports to train CNNs. We extract snippets from the ET data b…
Image descriptors based on activations of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have become dominant in image retrieval due to their discriminative power, compactness of representation, and search efficiency. Training of CNNs, either from scratch or fine-tuning, requires a large amount of annotated data, where a high quality of annotation is often crucial. In this work, we propose to fine-tune CNNs for image retrieval on a large collection of unordered images in a fully automated manner. Reconstructed 3D models obtained by the state-of-the-art retrieval and structure-from-motion methods guide t…
