Exoplanets that receive stellar irradiance of approximately Earth's or less have been discovered and many are suitable for spectral characterization. Here we focus on the temperate planets that have massive H2-dominated atmospheres, and trace the chemical reactions and transport following the photodissociation of H2O, CH4, NH3, and H2S, with K2-18 b, PH2 b, and Kepler-167 e representing temperate/cold planets around M and G/K stars. We find that NH3 is likely depleted by photodissociation to the cloud deck on planets around G/K stars but remains intact in the middle atmosphere of planets around M stars. A common phenomenon on temperate planets is that the photodissociation of NH3 in presence of CH4 results in HCN as the main photochemical product. The photodissociation of CH4 together with H2O leads to CO and CO2, and the synthesis of hydrocarbon is suppressed. Temperate planets with super-solar atmospheric metallicity and appreciable internal heat may have additional CO and CO2 from the interior and less NH3 and thus less HCN. Our models of K2-18 b can explain the transmission spectrum measured by Hubble, and indicate that future observations in 0.5-5.0 um would provide the sensitivity to detect the equilibrium gases CH4, H2O, and NH3, the photochemical gas HCN, as well as CO2 in some cases. Temperate and H2-rich exoplanets are thus laboratories of atmospheric chemistry that operate in regimes not found in the Solar System, and spectral characterization of these planets in transit or reflected starlight promises to greatly expand the types of molecules detected in exoplanet atmospheres.
Photochemical Production of CS2 in Temperate-to-Warm Gas Giant Exoplanet Atmospheres
University of Chicago(芝加哥大学);Arizona State University(亚利桑那州立大学);University of California, Santa Cruz(加州大学圣克鲁兹分校);Carnegie Institution for Science(卡内基科学机构)
Understanding the chemistry of temperate exoplanets atmospheres through experimental and numerical simulations
UVSQ Université Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Université, CNRS(凡尔赛大学巴黎萨克雷大学、索邦大学、法国国家科学研究中心);ETH University, Center for Origin and Prevalence of Life, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences(苏黎世联邦理工学院,生命起源与普遍性中心,地球与行星科学系);ENS-Paris-Saclay(巴黎萨克雷高等师范学校)
Buildup of Abiotic Oxygen and Ozone in Moist Atmospheres of Temperate Terrestrial Exoplanets and its Impact on the Spectral Fingerprint in Transit Observations
Not Earth-like Yet Temperate? More Generic Climate Feedback Configurations Still Allow Temperate Climates in Habitable Zone Exo-Earth Candidates
Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, The University of Arizona(月球与行星实验室,亚利桑那大学);Steward Observatory, The University of Arizona(斯图尔德天文台,亚利桑那大学);James C. Wyant College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona(詹姆斯·C·怀扬特光学科学学院,亚利桑那大学)
Validation of a Temperate Fourth Planet in the K2-133 Multi-planet System
我们提出了K2-133多行星系统的后续观测。之前,我们宣布K2-133包含三个围绕M1.5V宿主恒星运行的超级地球-初步证据表明第四颗外行星在温带边缘运行。在这里,我们报告的第四颗行星的存在,确定半径为$1.73_{-0.13}^{+0.14}$ R $_{\oplus}$的验证。这四颗行星跨越了系外行星种群的半径差距,这意味着进一步的后续行动将是值得的,以获得质量和测试差距起源的理论。特别是,K2-133系统中行星半径随着入射通量的减少而增加的趋势支持了这样的说法,即间隙是由系外行星大气的光蒸发造成的。最后,我们注意到K2-133 e的轨道位于恒星温带的边缘,我们的半径测量允许这是一个岩石世界的可能性。需要额外的质量测量来证实或反驳这种情况。
Three outstanding physical questions for K2-18 b and other temperate sub-Neptunes
Institute of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Academia Sinica(中央研究院天文及天文物理研究所);HFML-FELIX(高频磁场设施-费利克斯实验室);JHU Applied Physics Laboratory(约翰斯·霍普金斯大学应用物理实验室);ETH Zurich, Institute for Particle Physics & Astrophysics(苏黎世联邦理工学院粒子物理与天体物理研究所);Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY(德国电子同步加速器中心);Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Riverside(加州大学河滨分校地球与行星科学系);Virtual Planetary Laboratory, University of Washington(华盛顿大学虚拟行星实验室);Blue Marble Space Institute of Science(蓝大理石空间科学研究所);Department of Astrophysics, IMAPP, Radboud University(拉德堡德大学IMAPP天体物理学系);SRON Leiden(莱顿荷兰太空研究所)
Molecular mapping of an exoplanet with JWST: NH3 detection in the temperate super-Jupiter Epsilon Indi Ab
Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie(天体物理学与行星学研究所在);École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris(巴黎综合理工学院,巴黎理工学院);Observatoire de Paris(巴黎天文台)
利用JWST红外光谱和交叉相关技术,对直接成像的温带超级木星Epsilon Indi Ab进行分子测绘,可靠探测到NH3、H2O、CH4,并边缘性探测到CO2,验证了该方法在强恒星污染下的有效性。
Detecting Atmospheric CO2 Trends as Population-Level Signatures for Long-Term Stable Water Oceans and Biotic Activity on Temperate Terrestrial Exoplanets
PICASO 4.0: Clouds and Photochemistry in Climate Models of Brown Dwarfs and Exoplanets
University of Texas at Austin(德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校);NASA Ames Research Center(美国国家航空航天局艾姆斯研究中心);SETI Institute(搜寻地外文明研究所);Arizona State University(亚利桑那州立大学);Dordt University(多尔特大学);Space Science Institute(空间科学研究所);University of Arizona(亚利桑那大学);University of California Santa Cruz(加州大学圣克鲁兹分校);University of St Andrews(圣安德鲁斯大学);University of Bristol(布里斯托大学);Carnegie Institution for Science(卡内基科学机构);California Institute of Technology(加州理工学院)
A Homogeneous Survey of JWST MIRI Transmission Spectra of 10 Exoplanets
Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge(剑桥大学天文学研究所);Space Telescope Science Institute(太空望远镜科学研究所);School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University(卡迪夫大学物理与天文学院)
The Third Option: Color Phase Curves to Characterize the Atmospheres of Temperate Rocky Exoplanets
University of Maryland, College Park(马里兰大学帕克分校);SETI Institute(搜寻地外文明研究所);Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie(马克斯·普朗克天文学研究所);NASA Goddard Space Flight Center(美国宇航局戈达德太空飞行中心);Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics(莱布尼茨天体物理研究所);Johns Hopkins University(约翰斯·霍普金斯大学);JHU Applied Physics Laboratory(约翰斯·霍普金斯大学应用物理实验室);Department of Astronomy and Astrobiology Program, University of Washington(华盛顿大学天文系与天体生物学项目);Leiden Observatory, Leiden University(莱顿大学莱顿天文台)
Giant Outer Transiting Exoplanet Mass (GOT 'EM) Survey: III. Recovery and Confirmation of a Temperate, Mildly Eccentric, Single-Transit Jupiter Orbiting TOI-2010
An extremely low-density and temperate giant exoplanet
凌日系外行星是研究行星系形成、迁移和演化的重要对象。特别是,通过透射光谱或直接成像对巨行星大气的探索揭示了其化学成分和物理性质的巨大差异。研究这些巨行星可以让人们测试用于地球和其他太阳系行星的全球气候模型。然而,这些研究大多局限于高辐射过境巨行星或直接成像的巨行星在大的分离。在这里,我们报告的物理特性的行星在一个明亮的多行星系(HIP 41378),其中的外行星,HIP 41378 f是一个土星大小的行星(9.2 $\pm$ 0.1 R $_\oplus$)与0.09 $\pm$ 0.02 g cm $^{-3}$,这是一个非常低的密度尚未了解。其平衡温度约为300K。因此,它代表了一颗温度温和的行星,介于太阳系的热行星和冷巨行星之间。它为中等辐射的巨型系外行星的大气特征开辟了一个新的窗口,使用下一代空间望远镜,如JWST和ARIEL以及超大型地面望远镜。因此,HIP41378 f是了解辐射对行星大气物理性质和化学成分影响的重要实验室。
Hydrolyzed Hazes on Water-rich Exoplanets: Optical Constants and Detectability
Johns Hopkins University(约翰斯·霍普金斯大学);NASA Goddard Space Flight Center(美国宇航局戈达德太空飞行中心);Space Telescope Science Institute(空间望远镜科学研究所);University of Science and Technology of China(中国科学技术大学);Univ. Grenoble Alpes(格勒诺布尔阿尔卑斯大学)
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology(加州理工学院喷气推进实验室);The Pennsylvania State University(宾夕法尼亚州立大学);The University of Chicago(芝加哥大学);Arizona State University(亚利桑那州立大学);Johns Hopkins University(约翰斯·霍普金斯大学);Carnegie Institution for Science(卡内基科学机构)