Monocular depth estimation and semantic segmentation are two fundamental goals of scene understanding. Due to the advantages of task interaction, many works study the joint task learning algorithm. However, most existing methods fail to fully leverage the semantic labels, ignoring the provided context structures and only using them to supervise the prediction of segmentation split, which limit the performance of both tasks. In this paper, we propose a network injected with contextual information (CI-Net) to solve the problem. Specifically, we introduce self-attention block in the encoder to generate attention map. With supervision from the ideal attention map created by semantic label, the network is embedded with contextual information so that it could understand scene better and utilize correlated features to make accurate prediction. Besides, a feature sharing module is constructed to make the task-specific features deeply fused and a consistency loss is devised to make the features mutually guided. We evaluate the proposed CI-Net on the NYU-Depth-v2 and SUN-RGBD datasets. The experimental results validate that our proposed CI-Net could effectively improve the accuracy of semantic segmentation and depth estimation.
Istanbul Medipol University(伊斯坦布尔梅迪波尔大学);Isik University(伊希克大学)
Semantic segmentation (i.e. image parsing) aims to annotate each image pixel with its corresponding semantic class label. Spatially consistent labeling of the image requires an accurate description and modeling of the local contextual information. Segmentation result is typically improved by Markov Random Field (MRF) optimization on the initial labels. However this improvement is limited by the accuracy of initial result and how the contextual neighborhood is defined. In this paper, we develop generalized and flexible contextual models for segmentation neighborhoods in order to improve parsing…
Accurate and reliable image segmentation is an essential part of biomedical image analysis. In this paper, we consider the problem of biomedical image segmentation using deep convolutional neural networks. We propose a new end-to-end network architecture that effectively integrates local and global contextual patterns of histologic primitives to obtain a more reliable segmentation result. Specifically, we introduce a deep fully convolution residual network with a new skip connection strategy to control the contextual information passed forward. Moreover, our trained model is also computational…
Semantic segmentation of remotely sensed images plays a crucial role in precision agriculture, environmental protection, and economic assessment. In recent years, substantial fine-resolution remote sensing images are available for semantic segmentation. However, due to the complicated information caused by the increased spatial resolution, state-of-the-art deep learning algorithms normally utilize complex network architectures for segmentation, which usually incurs high computational complexity. Specifically, the high-caliber performance of the convolutional neural network (CNN) heavily relies…
National Institute of Informatics(国立信息学研究所);University of Dayton(代顿大学);University of Science and Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh(胡志明市越南国家大学科学大学)
In this paper, we propose Contextual Guided Segmentation (CGS) framework for video instance segmentation in three passes. In the first pass, i.e., preview segmentation, we propose Instance Re-Identification Flow to estimate main properties of each instance (i.e., human/non-human, rigid/deformable, known/unknown category) by propagating its preview mask to other frames. In the second pass, i.e., contextual segmentation, we introduce multiple contextual segmentation schemes. For human instance, we develop skeleton-guided segmentation in a frame along with object flow to correct and refine the re…
University of Science and Technology of China(中国科学技术大学)
Co-occurrent visual pattern makes aggregating contextual information a common paradigm to enhance the pixel representation for semantic image segmentation. The existing approaches focus on modeling the context from the perspective of the whole image, i.e., aggregating the image-level contextual information. Despite impressive, these methods weaken the significance of the pixel representations of the same category, i.e., the semantic-level contextual information. To address this, this paper proposes to augment the pixel representations by aggregating the image-level and semantic-level contextua…
Nanyang Technological University(南洋理工大学);University of Electronic Science and Technology of China(电子科技大学)
Recent advances in unsupervised domain adaptation for semantic segmentation have shown great potentials to relieve the demand of expensive per-pixel annotations. However, most existing works address the domain discrepancy by aligning the data distributions of two domains at a global image level whereas the local consistencies are largely neglected. This paper presents an innovative local contextual-relation consistent domain adaptation (CrCDA) technique that aims to achieve local-level consistencies during the global-level alignment. The idea is to take a closer look at region-wise feature rep…
Nanjing University of Science and Technology(南京理工大学)
Contextual information has been shown to be powerful for semantic segmentation. This work proposes a novel Context-based Tandem Network (CTNet) by interactively exploring the spatial contextual information and the channel contextual information, which can discover the semantic context for semantic segmentation. Specifically, the Spatial Contextual Module (SCM) is leveraged to uncover the spatial contextual dependency between pixels by exploring the correlation between pixels and categories. Meanwhile, the Channel Contextual Module (CCM) is introduced to learn the semantic features including th…
Co-occurrent visual pattern makes context aggregation become an essential paradigm for semantic segmentation.The existing studies focus on modeling the contexts within image while neglecting the valuable semantics of the corresponding category beyond image. To this end, we propose a novel soft mining contextual information beyond image paradigm named MCIBI++ to further boost the pixel-level representations. Specifically, we first set up a dynamically updated memory module to store the dataset-level distribution information of various categories and then leverage the information to yield the da…
Hourglass networks such as the U-Net and V-Net are popular neural architectures for medical image segmentation and counting problems. Typical instances of hourglass networks contain shortcut connections between mirroring layers. These shortcut connections improve the performance and it is hypothesized that this is due to mitigating effects on the vanishing gradient problem and the ability of the model to combine feature maps from earlier and later layers. We propose a method for not only combining feature maps of mirroring layers but also feature maps of layers with different spatial dimension…
Key Lab of Intelligent Information Processing of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Institute of Computing Technology, CAS(中国科学院智能信息处理重点实验室,中国科学院计算技术研究所);University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院大学);Microsoft Research Asia(微软亚洲研究院)
In this paper, we address the semantic segmentation problem with a focus on the context aggregation strategy. Our motivation is that the label of a pixel is the category of the object that the pixel belongs to. We present a simple yet effective approach, object-contextual representations, characterizing a pixel by exploiting the representation of the corresponding object class. First, we learn object regions under the supervision of ground-truth segmentation. Second, we compute the object region representation by aggregating the representations of the pixels lying in the object region. Last, %…
University of Science and Technology of China(中国科学技术大学);ByteDance(字节跳动)
This paper studies the context aggregation problem in semantic image segmentation. The existing researches focus on improving the pixel representations by aggregating the contextual information within individual images. Though impressive, these methods neglect the significance of the representations of the pixels of the corresponding class beyond the input image. To address this, this paper proposes to mine the contextual information beyond individual images to further augment the pixel representations. We first set up a feature memory module, which is updated dynamically during training, to s…
Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院计算技术研究所);University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院大学)
Electron tomography (ET) allows high-resolution reconstructions of macromolecular complexes at nearnative state. Cellular structures segmentation in the reconstruction data from electron tomographic images is often required for analyzing and visualizing biological structures, making it a powerful tool for quantitative descriptions of whole cell structures and understanding biological functions. However, these cellular structures are rather difficult to automatically separate or quantify from view owing to complex molecular environment and the limitations of reconstruction data of ET. In this p…
Shenzhen University(深圳大学);Tencent AI Lab(腾讯人工智能实验室)
In this paper, we propose one novel model for point cloud semantic segmentation, which exploits both the local and global structures within the point cloud based on the contextual point representations. Specifically, we enrich each point representation by performing one novel gated fusion on the point itself and its contextual points. Afterwards, based on the enriched representation, we propose one novel graph pointnet module, relying on the graph attention block to dynamically compose and update each point representation within the local point cloud structure. Finally, we resort to the spatia…
SAGE Research Unit ENISo, University of Sousse(苏塞大学 ENISo SAGE 研究单元)
We present in this paper an image segmentation approach that combines a fuzzy semantic region classification and a context based region-growing. Input image is first over-segmented. Then, prior domain knowledge is used to perform a fuzzy classification of these regions to provide a fuzzy semantic labeling. This allows the proposed approach to operate at high level instead of using low-level features and consequently to remedy to the problem of the semantic gap. Each over-segmented region is represented by a vector giving its corresponding membership degrees to the different thematic labels and…
GCUNet: A GNN-Based Contextual Learning Network for Tertiary Lymphoid Structure Semantic Segmentation in Whole Slide Image
Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASIA)(中国科学院自动化研究所);School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS)(中国科学院大学人工智能学院);Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University(福建医科大学临床肿瘤学院);Fujian Cancer Hospital(福建省肿瘤医院);School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University(东南大学计算机科学与工程学院)
Building extraction from aerial images has several applications in problems such as urban planning, change detection, and disaster management. With the increasing availability of data, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for semantic segmentation of remote sensing imagery has improved significantly in recent years. However, convolutions operate in local neighborhoods and fail to capture non-local features that are essential in semantic understanding of aerial images. In this work, we propose to improve building segmentation of different sizes by capturing long-range dependencies using context…
Existing semantic segmentation models heavily rely on dense pixel-wise annotations. To reduce the annotation pressure, we focus on a challenging task named zero-shot semantic segmentation, which aims to segment unseen objects with zero annotations. This task can be accomplished by transferring knowledge across categories via semantic word embeddings. In this paper, we propose a novel context-aware feature generation method for zero-shot segmentation named CaGNet. In particular, with the observation that a pixel-wise feature highly depends on its contextual information, we insert a contextual m…
In this paper, we address the semantic segmentation task with a deep network that combines contextual features and spatial information. The proposed Cross Attention Network is composed of two branches and a Feature Cross Attention (FCA) module. Specifically, a shallow branch is used to preserve low-level spatial information and a deep branch is employed to extract high-level contextual features. Then the FCA module is introduced to combine these two branches. Different from most existing attention mechanisms, the FCA module obtains spatial attention map and channel attention map from two branc…
Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications(南京邮电大学);Kyushu Institute of Technology(九州工业大学);Temple University(天普大学)
Exploring contextual information in convolution neural networks (CNNs) has gained substantial attention in recent years for semantic segmentation. This paper introduces a Bi-directional Contextual Aggregating Network, called BiCANet, for semantic segmentation. Unlike previous approaches that encode context in feature space, BiCANet aggregates contextual cues from a categorical perspective, which is mainly consist of three parts: contextual condensed projection block (CCPB), bi-directional context interaction block (BCIB), and muti-scale contextual fusion block (MCFB). More specifically, CCPB l…
University of Utah(犹他大学);Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute(科学计算与成像研究所)
Scene labeling is the problem of assigning an object label to each pixel. It unifies the image segmentation and object recognition problems. The importance of using contextual information in scene labeling frameworks has been widely realized in the field. We propose a contextual framework, called contextual hierarchical model (CHM), which learns contextual information in a hierarchical framework for scene labeling. At each level of the hierarchy, a classifier is trained based on downsampled input images and outputs of previous levels. Our model then incorporates the resulting multi-resolution …
Heudiasyc(Heudiasyc实验室);CNRS(法国国家科学研究中心);Université de technologie de Compiègne(贡比涅技术大学);Quantif(Quantif团队);LITIS(LITIS实验室);University of Rouen Normandy(鲁昂诺曼底大学);Institut universitaire de France(法国大学研究院);Henri Becquerel Cancer Center(亨利·贝克勒尔癌症中心)
As information sources are usually imperfect, it is necessary to take into account their reliability in multi-source information fusion tasks. In this paper, we propose a new deep framework allowing us to merge multi-MR image segmentation results using the formalism of Dempster-Shafer theory while taking into account the reliability of different modalities relative to different classes. The framework is composed of an encoder-decoder feature extraction module, an evidential segmentation module that computes a belief function at each voxel for each modality, and a multi-modality evidence fusion…
Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers(法国国立工艺学院);IRCAD(消化外科研究所);Sorbonne Université(索邦大学);CNRS(法国国家科学研究中心);ISIR(巴黎智能系统与机器人研究所)
Transformers have proved to be very effective for visual recognition tasks. In particular, vision transformers construct compressed global representations through self-attention and learnable class tokens. Multi-resolution transformers have shown recent successes in semantic segmentation but can only capture local interactions in high-resolution feature maps. This paper extends the notion of global tokens to build GLobal Attention Multi-resolution (GLAM) transformers. GLAM is a generic module that can be integrated into most existing transformer backbones. GLAM includes learnable global tokens…
National Institutes of Health Clinical Center(美国国立卫生研究院临床中心)
This paper reports Deep LOGISMOS approach to 3D tumor segmentation by incorporating boundary information derived from deep contextual learning to LOGISMOS - layered optimal graph image segmentation of multiple objects and surfaces. Accurate and reliable tumor segmentation is essential to tumor growth analysis and treatment selection. A fully convolutional network (FCN), UNet, is first trained using three adjacent 2D patches centered at the tumor, providing contextual UNet segmentation and probability map for each 2D patch. The UNet segmentation is then refined by Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) a…
Accurate and fast segmentation of medical images is clinically essential, yet current research methods include convolutional neural networks with fast inference speed but difficulty in learning image contextual features, and transformer with good performance but high hardware requirements. In this paper, we present a Patch Network (PNet) that incorporates the Swin Transformer notion into a convolutional neural network, allowing it to gather richer contextual information while achieving the balance of speed and accuracy. We test our PNet on Polyp(CVC-ClinicDB and ETIS- LaribPolypDB), Skin(ISIC-…
CUHK-SenseTime Joint Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong(香港中文大学-商汤科技联合实验室);Shenzhen Key Lab of Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院计算机视觉与模式识别深圳市重点实验室);SenseTime Research(商汤科技研究院)
Long-range contextual information is essential for achieving high-performance semantic segmentation. Previous feature re-weighting methods demonstrate that using global context for re-weighting feature channels can effectively improve the accuracy of semantic segmentation. However, the globally-sharing feature re-weighting vector might not be optimal for regions of different classes in the input image. In this paper, we propose a Context-adaptive Convolution Network (CaC-Net) to predict a spatially-varying feature weighting vector for each spatial location of the semantic feature maps. In CaC-…
Contextual Embedding Learning to Enhance 2D Networks for Volumetric Image Segmentation
Shenzhen University(深圳大学);Shenzhen University Medical School(深圳大学医学院);School of Biomedical Engineering(生物医学工程学院);Huawei Cloud Computing Technologies Company Limited(华为云计算技术有限公司);Shenzhen University General Hospital(深圳大学总医院)
ConSeg: Contextual Backdoor Attack Against Semantic Segmentation
School of Information and Technology(信息科技学院);Deakin University(德肯大学);School of Information and Communication Technology(信息与通信技术学院);Griffith University(格里菲斯大学);School of Computer Science(计算机科学学院);University of Technology Sydney(技术大学悉尼分校)
The spatial attention mechanism captures long-range dependencies by aggregating global contextual information to each query location, which is beneficial for semantic segmentation. In this paper, we present a sparse spatial attention network (SSANet) to improve the efficiency of the spatial attention mechanism without sacrificing the performance. Specifically, a sparse non-local (SNL) block is proposed to sample a subset of key and value elements for each query element to capture long-range relations adaptively and generate a sparse affinity matrix to aggregate contextual information efficient…
Shanghai Jiao Tong University(上海交通大学);Shanghai AI Laboratory(上海人工智能实验室);SenseTime Research(商汤科技研究院);Deakin University(迪肯大学)
Unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) aims to adapt a model of the labeled source domain to an unlabeled target domain. Existing UDA-based semantic segmentation approaches always reduce the domain shifts in pixel level, feature level, and output level. However, almost all of them largely neglect the contextual dependency, which is generally shared across different domains, leading to less-desired performance. In this paper, we propose a novel Context-Aware Mixup (CAMix) framework for domain adaptive semantic segmentation, which exploits this important clue of context-dependency as explicit prio…
Context Patch Fusion With Class Token Enhancement for Weakly Supervised Semantic Segmentation
School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuxi University(网络安全科学与工程学院,无锡大学);School of Informatics, Xiamen University(信息学院,厦门大学);School of Computer Science, University of Liverpool(计算机科学学院,利物浦大学)
As the superiority of context information gradually manifests in advanced semantic segmentation, learning to capture the compact context relationship can help to understand the complex scenes. In contrast to some previous works utilizing the multi-scale context fusion, we propose a novel module, named Dense Context-Aware (DCA) module, to adaptively integrate local detail information with global dependencies. Driven by the contextual relationship, the DCA module can better achieve the aggregation of context information to generate more powerful features. Furthermore, we deliberately design two …
Classifier Enhancement Using Extended Context and Domain Experts for Semantic Segmentation
School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney(电子与数据工程学院,技术悉尼大学);Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida(计算机科学系,中央佛罗里达大学)
High-resolution image segmentation remains challenging and error-prone due to the enormous size of intermediate feature maps. Conventional methods avoid this problem by using patch based approaches where each patch is segmented independently. However, independent patch segmentation induces errors, particularly at the patch boundary due to the lack of contextual information in very high-resolution images where the patch size is much smaller compared to the full image. To overcome these limitations, in this paper, we propose a novel framework to segment a particular patch by incorporating contex…
Huazhong University of Science and Technology(华中科技大学);University of Technology Sydney(悉尼科技大学);Horizon Robotics(地平线机器人);University of Oregon(俄勒冈大学);University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign(伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校)
Contextual information is vital in visual understanding problems, such as semantic segmentation and object detection. We propose a Criss-Cross Network (CCNet) for obtaining full-image contextual information in a very effective and efficient way. Concretely, for each pixel, a novel criss-cross attention module harvests the contextual information of all the pixels on its criss-cross path. By taking a further recurrent operation, each pixel can finally capture the full-image dependencies. Besides, a category consistent loss is proposed to enforce the criss-cross attention module to produce more d…
In applied image segmentation tasks, the ability to provide numerous and precise labels for training is paramount to the accuracy of the model at inference time. However, this overhead is often neglected, and recently proposed segmentation architectures rely heavily on the availability and fidelity of ground truth labels to achieve state-of-the-art accuracies. Failure to acknowledge the difficulty in creating adequate ground truths can lead to an over-reliance on pre-trained models or a lack of adoption in real-world applications. We introduce Points2Polygons (P2P), a model which makes use of …
Huazhong University of Science and Technology(华中科技大学);The University of Adelaide(阿德莱德大学);The Chinese University of Hong Kong(香港中文大学);Tencent(腾讯)
Recent works have widely explored the contextual dependencies to achieve more accurate segmentation results. However, most approaches rarely distinguish different types of contextual dependencies, which may pollute the scene understanding. In this work, we directly supervise the feature aggregation to distinguish the intra-class and inter-class context clearly. Specifically, we develop a Context Prior with the supervision of the Affinity Loss. Given an input image and corresponding ground truth, Affinity Loss constructs an ideal affinity map to supervise the learning of Context Prior. The lear…
University of Bristol(布里斯托大学);Shanghai Em-Data Technology Co., Ltd.(上海数慧科技股份有限公司);China University of Mining and Technology(中国矿业大学);University of Derby(德比大学)
Polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) image segmentation is currently of great importance in image processing for remote sensing applications. However, it is a challenging task due to two main reasons. Firstly, the label information is difficult to acquire due to high annotation costs. Secondly, the speckle effect embedded in the PolSAR imaging process remarkably degrades the segmentation performance. To address these two issues, we present a contextual PolSAR image semantic segmentation method in this paper.With a newly defined channelwise consistent feature set as input, the three-d…
School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology(华中科技大学电子信息与通信学院);AAII, University of Technology Sydney(悉尼科技大学人工智能高级研究院);UIUC(伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校);University of Oregon(俄勒冈大学);Picsart AI Research(Picsart人工智能研究院)
Aggregating features in terms of different convolutional blocks or contextual embeddings has been proven to be an effective way to strengthen feature representations for semantic segmentation. However, most of the current popular network architectures tend to ignore the misalignment issues during the feature aggregation process caused by 1) step-by-step downsampling operations, and 2) indiscriminate contextual information fusion. In this paper, we explore the principles in addressing such feature misalignment issues and inventively propose Feature-Aligned Segmentation Networks (AlignSeg). Alig…
Peking University(北京大学);SenseTime Group Limited(商汤科技集团有限公司);Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications(北京邮电大学)
Recent works have made great progress in semantic segmentation by exploiting contextual information in a local or global manner with dilated convolutions, pyramid pooling or self-attention mechanism. In order to avoid potential misleading contextual information aggregation in previous works, we propose a class-wise dynamic graph convolution (CDGC) module to adaptively propagate information. The graph reasoning is performed among pixels in the same class. Based on the proposed CDGC module, we further introduce the Class-wise Dynamic Graph Convolution Network(CDGCNet), which consists of two main…
Autonomous driving vehicles and robotic systems rely on accurate perception of their surroundings. Scene understanding is one of the crucial components of perception modules. Among all available sensors, LiDARs are one of the essential sensing modalities of autonomous driving systems due to their active sensing nature with high resolution of sensor readings. Accurate and fast semantic segmentation methods are needed to fully utilize LiDAR sensors for scene understanding. In this paper, we present Lite-HDSeg, a novel real-time convolutional neural network for semantic segmentation of full $3$D …
Understanding the context of complex and cluttered scenes is a challenging problem for semantic segmentation. However, it is difficult to model the context without prior and additional supervision because the scene's factors, such as the scale, shape, and appearance of objects, vary considerably in these scenes. To solve this, we propose to learn the structures of objects and the hierarchy among objects because context is based on these intrinsic properties. In this study, we design novel hierarchical, contextual, and multiscale pyramidal representations to capture the properties from an input…
AMMNet: An Asymmetric Multi-Modal Network for Remote Sensing Semantic Segmentation
School of Computer Science, The University of Sydney(计算机科学学院,悉尼大学);School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Technology and Business University(计算机与人工智能学院,北京技术与商业大学)
The Chinese University of Hong Kong(香港中文大学);Tencent YouTu Lab(腾讯优图实验室)
We achieve 3D semantic scene labeling by exploring semantic relation between each point and its contextual neighbors through edges. Besides an encoder-decoder branch for predicting point labels, we construct an edge branch to hierarchically integrate point features and generate edge features. To incorporate point features in the edge branch, we establish a hierarchical graph framework, where the graph is initialized from a coarse layer and gradually enriched along the point decoding process. For each edge in the final graph, we predict a label to indicate the semantic consistency of the two co…
Contextrast++: Robust Multi-Scale Contextual Contrastive Learning for Semantic Segmentation
Information & Electronics Research Institute, KAIST(韩国科学技术院信息与电子研究院);Zoox Inc.(Zoox公司);KAIST (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology)(韩国科学技术院);Hanwha Aerospace(韩华宇航);School of Electrical Engineering, KAIST(韩国科学技术院电气工程学院)
SFR-Net: Learning Scale-Frustum Representations for Ultra-Wide Area Remote Sensing Image Segmentation
Department of Aerospace Intelligent Science and Technology, School of Astronautics, Beihang University(航天智能科学与技术学院,北京航空航天大学);Key Laboratory of Spacecraft Design Optimization and Dynamic Simulation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Beihang University(航天器设计优化与动态仿真技术重点实验室,北京航空航天大学);Shen Yuan Honors College, Beihang University(神元荣誉学院,北京航空航天大学);College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University(计算与数据科学学院,新加坡南洋理工大学)
Norwegian Computing Center(挪威计算中心);UiT the Arctic University of Norway(挪威北极大学)
Capturing global contextual representations by exploiting long-range pixel-pixel dependencies has shown to improve semantic segmentation performance. However, how to do this efficiently is an open question as current approaches of utilising attention schemes or very deep models to increase the models field of view, result in complex models with large memory consumption. Inspired by recent work on graph neural networks, we propose the Self-Constructing Graph (SCG) module that learns a long-range dependency graph directly from the image and uses it to propagate contextual information efficiently…
Harnessing Lightweight Transformer with Contextual Synergic Enhancement for Efficient 3D Medical Image Segmentation
Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR(电子工程系,香港中文大学(深圳)Hong Kong SAR);Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (CAIR), Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong SAR(人工智能与机器人中心(CAIR),香港科学与创新研究院,中国科学院,Hong Kong SAR)