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arXiv 2107.07066cs.AI
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基于深度强化学习的公交时刻表动态优化

Deep Reinforcement Learning based Dynamic Optimization of Bus Timetable

Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications(北京邮电大学);Victoria University of Wellington(惠灵顿维多利亚大学)

Guanqun Ai, Xingquan Zuo, Gang chen, Binglin Wu

摘要:

公交时刻表优化是降低运营成本、提高服务质量的关键问题。现有的方法使用精确或启发式算法来优化离线方式的时间表。实际上,客流量可能会随着时间的推移而发生显著变化。线下确定的时刻表无法调整发车间隔来满足变化的客流。为提高公交时刻表的在线性能,提出一种基于深度强化学习的公交时刻表动态优化方法(DRL-TO)。在该方法中,课程表优化被视为一个序贯决策问题。采用深度Q网络(DQN)作为决策模型,以确定是否在服务时段的每分钟内调度公交服务。因此,巴士服务的发车间隔是根据乘客的需求实时的决定的。我们确定了几个新的和有用的状态功能的DQN,包括负载率,承载能力利用率,和滞留乘客的数量。综合考虑公交公司和乘客的利益,设计了以满载率、空载率、乘客等待时间、滞留乘客数等指标为主要内容的奖励函数。在现有公交站点承载能力计算方法的基础上,提出了一种新的公交站点承载能力计算方法,以提高公交站点的匹配度。实验表明,与基于模因算法(BTOA-MA)、遗传算法(GA)和人工方法的公交时刻表优化方法相比,DRL-TO可以根据实时客流动态确定发车间隔,平均节省车辆8 $\%$,减少乘客等待时间17 $\%$.

英文摘要:

Bus timetable optimization is a key issue to reduce operational cost of bus companies and improve the service quality. Existing methods use exact or heuristic algorithms to optimize the timetable in an offline manner. In practice, the passenger flow may change significantly over time. Timetables determined in offline cannot adjust the departure interval to satisfy the changed passenger flow. Aiming at improving the online performance of bus timetable, we propose a Deep Reinforcement Learning based bus Timetable dynamic Optimization method (DRL-TO). In this method, the timetable optimization is considered as a sequential decision problem. A Deep Q-Network (DQN) is employed as the decision model to determine whether to dispatch a bus service during each minute of the service period. Therefore, the departure intervals of bus services are determined in real time in accordance with passenger demand. We identify several new and useful state features for the DQN, including the load factor, carrying capacity utilization rate, and the number of stranding passengers. Taking into account both the interests of the bus company and passengers, a reward function is designed, which includes the indicators of full load rate, empty load rate, passengers' waiting time, and the number of stranding passengers. Building on an existing method for calculating the carrying capacity, we develop a new technique to enhance the matching degree at each bus station. Experiments demonstrate that compared with the timetable generated by the state-of-the-art bus timetable optimization approach based on a memetic algorithm (BTOA-MA), Genetic Algorithm (GA) and the manual method, DRL-TO can dynamically determine the departure intervals based on the real-time passenger flow, saving 8$\%$ of vehicles and reducing 17$\%$ of passengers' waiting time on average.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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