The Humphreys-Davidson (HD) limit sets the boundary between evolutionary channels of massive stars that either end their lives as red supergiants (RSGs) or as the hotter blue supergiants (BSGs) and Wolf-Rayet stars. Mixing in the envelopes of massive stars close to their Eddington limit is crucial for investigating the upper luminosity limit of the coolest supergiants. We study the effects of excess mixing in superadiabatic layers that are dominated by radiation pressure, and we critically investigate the effects of mixing and mass loss on the evolution of RSGs with log (Teff/K) < 3.68 - as a function of metallicity. Using MESA, we produce grids of massive star models at three metallicities: Galactic (Zsol), LMC (1/2 Zsol) and SMC (1/5 Zsol), with both high and low amounts of overshooting to study the upper luminosity limit of RSGs. We systematically study the effects of excess mixing in the superadiabatic layers of post-main sequence massive stars, overshooting above the hydrogen core and yellow supergiant (YSG) mass-loss rates on the fraction of core helium burning time spent as a RSG. We find that the excess mixing in the superadiabatic layers is stronger at lower metallicities, as it depends on the opacities in the hydrogen bump at log (Teff/K) ~ 4, which become more pronounced at lower metallicity. This shifts the cutoff luminosities to lower values at lower metallicities, thus balancing the first-order effect of mass loss. The opposing effects of mass loss and excess envelope mixing during post-main sequence evolution of stars with higher overshooting potentially results in a metallicity-independent upper luminosity limit.
The excess of cool supergiants from contemporary stellar evolution models defies the metallicity-independent Humphreys-Davidson limit
汉弗莱斯-戴维森极限(HD)在赫罗图上经验性地定义了一个高光度(log L > 5.5)和低有效温度(T <20 kK)的区域,在这个区域几乎没有任何超巨星被观测到。试图通过近爱丁顿风或超爱丁顿风中产生的不稳定性来解释这一极限,基本上是不成功的。利用现代恒星演化,我们的目标是重新审视HD极限,调查增强混合对大质量恒星的影响。我们构建网格的恒星演化模型适用于小和大麦云云(SMC,LMC),以及为银河系,跨越各种初始旋转速率和对流过冲参数。明显增强的混合显然使恒星演化轨迹远离HD极限区域。为了量化恒星演化模拟中过度发光的恒星,我们生成了大质量恒星的合成星族,并与SMC和LMC中的冷星(T < 12.5kK)和亮星(log L > 4.7)目录进行了详细的比较。我们发现,调整混合参数可以使观测到的和模拟的红超巨星种群之间达成一致,但对于较热的超巨星,模拟总是高估了与观测相比非常明亮(log L > 5.4)的恒星数量。由于混合增强,发光超巨星的过剩减少,这可能暗示了混合在解释HD极限中的重要作用。然而,HD极限仍然无法解释更热的超巨星。
A systematic study of super-Eddington layers in the envelopes of massive stars
接近爱丁顿光度被认为是在大质量恒星中观察到的几种效应的原因。在计算上,如果辐射携带的光度超过大质量恒星低密度包层中的本地爱丁顿光度,就会导致数值计算上的困难,抑制恒星模型的进一步计算。这个问题由于很少有大质量恒星被观测到超过汉弗莱斯-戴维森极限的事实而变得更加严重,汉弗莱斯-戴维森极限是赫兹-罗素图中的同一区域,在恒星模型中与爱丁顿光度有关的数值问题也发生在这个区域。一维的恒星演化程序必须使用实用的解决方案,通过这个计算困难的阶段来演化大质量恒星。在这项工作中,我们量化了这些解决方案对大质量恒星演化特性的影响。我们使用的恒星演化程序MESA与常用的大质量恒星模型的输入参数计算恒星的演化在10-110 M $_\odot$的初始质量范围内的太阳金属量的十分之一。我们发现,在恒星模型的初始质量大于或等于30 M $_\odot$的数值困难,导致这些模型的核心氦燃烧结束前失败。重新计算这些模型使用相同的物理输入,但三个不同的务实的解决方案来治疗的数值不稳定性,我们发现,由恒星实现的最大径向膨胀可以变化高达2000 R $_\odot$,而恒星的残余质量可以变化高达14 M $_\odot$之间的集合。这些差异可能对二元群体合成等研究产生影响。
Metal-poor single Wolf-Rayet stars: The interplay of optically thick winds and rotation
Universität Heidelberg(海德堡大学);Università di Padova(帕多瓦大学);Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie(马克斯·普朗克天文学研究所);INFN - Padova(意大利国家核物理研究院帕多瓦分部);Armagh Observatory and Planetarium(阿马天文台和天文馆)
The Stellar Winds Atlas I: Current uncertainties in mass-loss rates
Universität Heidelberg, Zentrum für Astronomie (ZAH), Institut für Theoretische Astrophysik(海德堡大学天体物理中心);Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia Galileo Galilei, Università di Padova(帕多瓦大学伽利略伽利莱物理与天文系);Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, San Diego(加州大学圣地亚哥分校天文与天体物理系);Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences(波兰科学院尼古拉·哥白尼天文台);IAASARS, National Observatory of Athens(雅典国家天文台应用天体物理学研究所);National and Kapodistrian University of Athens(雅典国立卡波迪斯特里阿斯大学);Astronomický ústav, Akademie věd Ceské republiky(捷克科学院天文研究所)
The drastic impact of Eddington-limit induced mass ejections on massive star populations
Institute of Astronomy, KU Leuven(鲁汶大学天体物理研究所);Argelander Institut für Astronomie(阿尔根德天文学研究所);Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie(马克斯·普朗克射电天文研究所);Sterrenkundig Observatorium, Universiteit Gent(根特大学天文台);Leuven Gravity Institute, KU Leuven(鲁汶引力研究所)