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arXiv 2107.02183astro-ph.SRastro-ph.HE
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超绝热性和Humphreys-Davidson极限的金属性无关性

Superadiabaticity and the metallicity independence of the Humphreys-Davidson limit

Gautham N. Sabhahit, Jorick S. Vink, Erin R. Higgins, Andreas A. C. Sander

摘要:

汉弗莱斯-戴维森(HD)极限设定了大质量恒星演化通道之间的界限,这些恒星要么以红超巨星(RSG)结束生命,要么以更热的蓝超巨星(BSG)和沃尔夫-拉叶星结束生命。在接近爱丁顿极限的大质量恒星的包层中混合对于研究最冷的超巨星的光度上限至关重要。我们研究了辐射压力主导的超绝热层中的过度混合效应,并严格研究了混合和质量损失对log(Teff/K)< 3.68 -的RSG演化的影响。使用MESA,我们产生网格的大质量恒星模型在三个金属丰度:银河系(Zsol),LMC(1/2 Zsol)和SMC(1/5 Zsol),与高和低量的超调研究的RSG的光度上限。我们系统地研究了后主序星大质量恒星的超绝热层中的过度混合的影响,超过了氢核和黄超巨星(YSG)的质量损失率的核心氦燃烧时间的分数作为RSG。我们发现,在超绝热层中的过度混合是在较低的金属丰度更强,因为它取决于在log(Teff/K)~ 4,这在较低的金属丰度变得更加明显的氢凸的不透明度。这使得截止光度在较低的金属丰度下降低,从而平衡了质量损失的一阶效应。质量损失和过量的包络线混合在主序后演化的恒星具有更高的过冲可能会导致在一个独立于金属度的光度上限的相反的效果。

英文摘要:

The Humphreys-Davidson (HD) limit sets the boundary between evolutionary channels of massive stars that either end their lives as red supergiants (RSGs) or as the hotter blue supergiants (BSGs) and Wolf-Rayet stars. Mixing in the envelopes of massive stars close to their Eddington limit is crucial for investigating the upper luminosity limit of the coolest supergiants. We study the effects of excess mixing in superadiabatic layers that are dominated by radiation pressure, and we critically investigate the effects of mixing and mass loss on the evolution of RSGs with log (Teff/K) < 3.68 - as a function of metallicity. Using MESA, we produce grids of massive star models at three metallicities: Galactic (Zsol), LMC (1/2 Zsol) and SMC (1/5 Zsol), with both high and low amounts of overshooting to study the upper luminosity limit of RSGs. We systematically study the effects of excess mixing in the superadiabatic layers of post-main sequence massive stars, overshooting above the hydrogen core and yellow supergiant (YSG) mass-loss rates on the fraction of core helium burning time spent as a RSG. We find that the excess mixing in the superadiabatic layers is stronger at lower metallicities, as it depends on the opacities in the hydrogen bump at log (Teff/K) ~ 4, which become more pronounced at lower metallicity. This shifts the cutoff luminosities to lower values at lower metallicities, thus balancing the first-order effect of mass loss. The opposing effects of mass loss and excess envelope mixing during post-main sequence evolution of stars with higher overshooting potentially results in a metallicity-independent upper luminosity limit.

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