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arXiv 2102.03102astro-ph.SR
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当代恒星演化模型中过量的冷超巨星违反了与金属量无关的Humphreys-Davidson极限

The excess of cool supergiants from contemporary stellar evolution models defies the metallicity-independent Humphreys-Davidson limit

Avishai Gilkis, Tomer Shenar, Varsha Ramachandran, Adam S. Jermyn, Laurent Mahy, Lidia M. Oskinova, Iair Arcavi, Hugues Sana

摘要:

汉弗莱斯-戴维森极限(HD)在赫罗图上经验性地定义了一个高光度(log L > 5.5)和低有效温度(T <20 kK)的区域,在这个区域几乎没有任何超巨星被观测到。试图通过近爱丁顿风或超爱丁顿风中产生的不稳定性来解释这一极限,基本上是不成功的。利用现代恒星演化,我们的目标是重新审视HD极限,调查增强混合对大质量恒星的影响。我们构建网格的恒星演化模型适用于小和大麦云云(SMC,LMC),以及为银河系,跨越各种初始旋转速率和对流过冲参数。明显增强的混合显然使恒星演化轨迹远离HD极限区域。为了量化恒星演化模拟中过度发光的恒星,我们生成了大质量恒星的合成星族,并与SMC和LMC中的冷星(T < 12.5kK)和亮星(log L > 4.7)目录进行了详细的比较。我们发现,调整混合参数可以使观测到的和模拟的红超巨星种群之间达成一致,但对于较热的超巨星,模拟总是高估了与观测相比非常明亮(log L > 5.4)的恒星数量。由于混合增强,发光超巨星的过剩减少,这可能暗示了混合在解释HD极限中的重要作用。然而,HD极限仍然无法解释更热的超巨星。

英文摘要:

The Humphreys-Davidson (HD) limit empirically defines a region of high luminosities (log L > 5.5) and low effective temperatures (T < 20kK) on the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram in which hardly any supergiant stars are observed. Attempts to explain this limit through instabilities arising in near- or super-Eddington winds have been largely unsuccessful. Using modern stellar evolution we aim to re-examine the HD limit, investigating the impact of enhanced mixing on massive stars. We construct grids of stellar evolution models appropriate for the Small and Large Magellanic Clouds (SMC, LMC), as well as for the Galaxy, spanning various initial rotation rates and convective overshooting parameters. Significantly enhanced mixing apparently steers stellar evolution tracks away from the region of the HD limit. To quantify the excess of over-luminous stars in stellar evolution simulations we generate synthetic populations of massive stars, and make detailed comparisons with catalogues of cool (T < 12.5kK) and luminous (log L > 4.7) stars in the SMC and LMC. We find that adjustments to the mixing parameters can lead to agreement between the observed and simulated red supergiant populations, but for hotter supergiants the simulations always over-predict the number of very luminous (log L > 5.4) stars compared to observations. The excess of luminous supergiants decreases for enhanced mixing, possibly hinting at an important role mixing has in explaining the HD limit. Still, the HD limit remains unexplained for hotter supergiants.

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