The IEEE 802.1 time-sensitive networking (TSN) standards aim at improving the real-time capabilities of standard Ethernet. TSN is widely recognized as the long-term replacement of proprietary technologies for industrial control systems. However, wired connectivity alone is not sufficient to meet the requirements of future industrial systems. The fifth-generation (5G) mobile/cellular technology has been designed with native support for ultra-reliable low-latency communication (uRLLC). 5G is promising to meet the stringent requirements of industrial systems in the wireless domain. Converged operation of 5G and TSN systems is crucial for achieving end-to-end deterministic connectivity in industrial networks. Accurate time synchronization is key to integrated operation of 5G and TSN systems. To this end, this paper evaluates the performance of over-the-air time synchronization mechanism which has been proposed in 3GPP Release 16. We analyze the accuracy of time synchronization through the boundary clock approach in the presence of clock drift and different air-interface timing errors related to reference time indication. We also investigate frequency and scalability aspects of over-the-air time synchronization. Our performance evaluation reveals the conditions under which 1 \(μ\)s or below requirement for TSN time synchronization can be achieved.
Empirical Evaluation of a 5G Transparent Clock for Time Synchronization in a TSN-5G Network
University of Granada（格拉纳达大学）；Research Center on Information and Communication Technologies, University of Granada（格拉纳达大学信息与通信技术研究中心）；Safran Electronics and Defense Spain（赛峰电子与防御西班牙公司）
Making Time-Sensitive Networking Deployable: A Comprehensive Lifecycle Architecture
TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich（慕尼黑工业大学计算、信息与技术学院）；DTU Compute, Technical University of Denmark（丹麦技术大学计算学院）；NXP Semiconductors（恩智浦半导体）；DTIS, ONERA, Université de Toulouse（图卢兹大学ONERA DTIS）
TIMESAFE: Timing Interruption Monitoring and Security Assessment for Fronthaul Environments
Northeastern University（东北大学）；United States Military Academy（美国军事学院）；Sapienza University of Rome（罗马萨皮恩扎大学）；Purdue University（普渡大学）；University of Texas, Austin（德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校）
