模拟火星卫星eXploration（MMX）航天器在前往火卫一途中的彗星流星体流穿越
Modelling cometary meteoroid stream traverses of the Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) spacecraft en route to Phobos
摘要：
火星卫星探测（MMX）航天器是日本宇宙航空研究开发机构的一项火星及其卫星火卫一和火卫二任务。MMX将携带环火星尘埃监测器，这是一种新开发的轻型（$\mathrm{650\,g}$）大面积（$\mathrm{1\,m^2}$）尘埃撞击探测器。彗星流星体流（也称为尾迹）沿着彗星的轨道存在，形成行星际尘埃云的精细结构。这些彗星流主要由最大的彗星粒子（尺寸约为$\mathrm{100\,μm}$至1厘米）组成，它们以低速喷射，并在绕太阳几圈的过程中保持非常接近彗星轨道。行星际流星体探测环境空间尘埃流模型（IMEX）是新近发表的一个适用于内太阳系彗星流星体流的通用模型。利用IMEX研究了2024 - 2028年MMX任务期间CMDM对彗星尘埃流粒子的探测条件。该模型预测了在90天左右的时间内，12个通量为$\mathrm{100\,μm}$和至少为$\mathrm{10^{-3}\,m^{-2}\,day^{-1}}$的较大粒子的彗星流星体流的穿越。预测了114 P/Wiseman-Skiff彗星在2026年10月的最高通量$\mathrm{0.15\,m^{-2}\,day^{-1}}$。由于探测面积大，灵敏度高，CMDM将能够探测到前往火卫一途中的彗星流星体流。我们对MMX火星轨道阶段的模拟结果还预测了火星大气中流星雨的发生，这可能是从火星表面用着陆器或漫游车上的相机观测到的。最后，IMEX模型可用于研究流星体撞击对大面积航天器结构造成的撞击危险，这对载人深空飞行任务特别必要。
英文摘要：
The Martian Moons Exploration (MMX) spacecraft is a JAXA mission to Mars and its moons Phobos and Deimos. MMX will carry the Circum-Martian Dust Monitor (CMDM) which is a newly developed light-weight ($\mathrm{650\,g}$) large area ($\mathrm{1\,m^2}$) dust impact detector. Cometary meteoroid streams (also referred to as trails) exist along the orbits of comets, forming fine structures of the interplanetary dust cloud. The streams consist predominantly of the largest cometary particles (with sizes of approximately $\mathrm{100\,μm}$ to 1~cm) which are ejected at low speeds and remain very close to the comet orbit for several revolutions around the Sun. The Interplanetary Meteoroid Environment for eXploration (IMEX) dust streams in space model is a new and recently published universal model for cometary meteoroid streams in the inner Solar System. We use IMEX to study the detection conditions of cometary dust stream particles with CMDM during the MMX mission in the time period 2024 to 2028. The model predicts traverses of 12 cometary meteoroid streams with fluxes of $\mathrm{100\,μm}$ and bigger particles of at least $\mathrm{10^{-3}\,m^{-2}\,day^{-1}}$ during a total time period of approximately 90~days. The highest flux of $\mathrm{0.15\,m^{-2}\,day^{-1}}$ is predicted for comet 114P/Wiseman-Skiff in October 2026. With its large detection area and high sensitivity CMDM will be able to detect cometary meteoroid streams en route to Phobos. Our simulation results for the Mars orbital phase of MMX also predict the occurrence of meteor showers in the Martian atmosphere which may be observable from the Martian surface with cameras on board landers or rovers. Finally, the IMEX model can be used to study the impact hazards imposed by meteoroid impacts on to large-area spacecraft structures that will be particularly necessary for crewed deep space missions.
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