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arXiv 1707.06282astro-ph.EP
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火卫一和火卫二的撞击起源:热力学和物理学方面

On the Impact Origin of Phobos and Deimos I: Thermodynamic and Physical Aspects

Ryuki Hyodo, Hidenori Genda, Sébastien Charnoz, Pascal Rosenblatt

摘要:

火卫一和火卫二是火星的两颗小卫星。最近的工作表明,它们可以在撞击产生的圆盘内吸积。然而,对盘的详细结构和初始热力学性质知之甚少。在本文中,我们进行高分辨率SPH模拟火星月球形成的巨大影响,也可以形成北极光盆地。这次巨大的撞击使盘状物质升温(温度约为$\sim 2000$ K),熵增加为$\sim 1500$ J K $^{-1}$ kg $^{-1}$。因此,尽管一小部分盘材料($< 5\%$)甚至会蒸发,但盘材料应该大部分熔化。通常,一块熔融盘材料估计为米级大小,这是由于在冲击过程中由其剪切速度和表面张力调节的碎裂。盘状物质最初具有高度偏心的轨道($e \sim 0.6-0.9$),米级碎片以高撞击速度($\sim 3-5$ km s $^{-1}$)连续碰撞可将它们磨成$\sim100 μ$ m级颗粒。另一方面,少量蒸发的盘材料冷凝成$\sim 0.1 μ$ m尺寸的颗粒。因此,火星卫星的组成部分预计是这些不同大小的颗粒的混合物,从米级到$\sim 100 μ$ m级颗粒和$\sim 0.1 μ$ m级颗粒。我们的模拟还表明,火卫一和火卫二的组成部分包含撞击物和火星物质(至少35%),其中大部分来自火星地幔(50-150公里深;至少50%)。我们的研究结果将为计划未来的火星卫星采样返回任务提供有用的信息,例如JAXA的MMX(火星卫星探测)任务。

英文摘要:

Phobos and Deimos are the two small moons of Mars. Recent works have shown that they can accrete within an impact-generated disk. However, the detailed structure and initial thermodynamic properties of the disk are poorly understood. In this paper, we perform high-resolution SPH simulations of the Martian moon-forming giant impact that can also form the Borealis basin. This giant impact heats up the disk material (around $\sim 2000$ K in temperature) with an entropy increase of $\sim 1500$ J K$^{-1}$ kg$^{-1}$. Thus, the disk material should be mostly molten, though a tiny fraction of disk material ($< 5\%$) would even experience vaporization. Typically, a piece of molten disk material is estimated to be meter sized due to the fragmentation regulated by their shear velocity and surface tension during the impact process. The disk materials initially have highly eccentric orbits ($e \sim 0.6-0.9$) and successive collisions between meter-sized fragments at high impact velocity ($\sim 3-5$ km s$^{-1}$) can grind them down to $\sim100 μ$m-sized particles. On the other hand, a tiny amount of vaporized disk material condenses into $\sim 0.1 μ$m-sized grains. Thus, the building blocks of the Martian moons are expected to be a mixture of these different sized particles from meter-sized down to $\sim 100 μ$m-sized particles and $\sim 0.1 μ$m-sized grains. Our simulations also suggest that the building blocks of Phobos and Deimos contain both impactor and Martian materials (at least 35%), most of which come from the Martian mantle (50-150 km in depth; at least 50%). Our results will give useful information for planning a future sample return mission to Martian moons, such as JAXA's MMX (Martian Moons eXploration) mission.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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