Large Scale Image Completion via Co-Modulated Generative Adversarial Networks
IIIS, Tsinghua University（清华大学交叉信息研究院）；Microsoft Research（微软研究院）；Vacaville Christian Schools（瓦卡维尔基督学校）；The High School Affiliated to Renmin University of China（中国人民大学附属中学）
Shengyu Zhao, Jonathan Cui, Yilun Sheng, Yue Dong, Xiao Liang, Eric I Chang, Yan Xu
Numerous task-specific variants of conditional generative adversarial networks have been developed for image completion. Yet, a serious limitation remains that all existing algorithms tend to fail when handling large-scale missing regions. To overcome this challenge, we propose a generic new approach that bridges the gap between image-conditional and recent modulated unconditional generative architectures via co-modulation of both conditional and stochastic style representations. Also, due to the lack of good quantitative metrics for image completion, we propose the new Paired/Unpaired Inception Discriminative Score (P-IDS/U-IDS), which robustly measures the perceptual fidelity of inpainted images compared to real images via linear separability in a feature space. Experiments demonstrate superior performance in terms of both quality and diversity over state-of-the-art methods in free-form image completion and easy generalization to image-to-image translation. Code is available at https://github.com/zsyzzsoft/co-mod-gan.
We present a deep learning approach for high resolution face completion with multiple controllable attributes (e.g., male and smiling) under arbitrary masks. Face completion entails understanding both structural meaningfulness and appearance consistency locally and globally to fill in "holes" whose content do not appear elsewhere in an input image. It is a challenging task with the difficulty level increasing significantly with respect to high resolution, the complexity of "holes" and the controllable attributes of filled-in fragments. Our system addresses the challenges by learning a fully en…
University of Rochester（罗切斯特大学）；Siemens Healthineers（西门子医疗）；Tencent X-Lab（腾讯X实验室）；Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院计算技术研究所）
Unlike a conventional background inpainting approach that infers a missing area from image patches similar to the background, face completion requires semantic knowledge about the target object for realistic outputs. Current image inpainting approaches utilize generative adversarial networks (GANs) to achieve such semantic understanding. However, in adversarial learning, the semantic knowledge is learned implicitly and hence good semantic understanding is not always guaranteed. In this work, we propose a collaborative adversarial learning approach to face completion to explicitly induce the tr…
RWTH Aachen University（亚琛工业大学）；University of Bonn（波恩大学）
We address the task of 3D semantic scene completion, i.e. , given a single depth image, we predict the semantic labels and occupancy of voxels in a 3D grid representing the scene. In light of the recently introduced generative adversarial networks (GAN), our goal is to explore the potential of this model and the efficiency of various important design choices. Our results show that using conditional GANs outperforms the vanilla GAN setup. We evaluate these architecture designs on several datasets. Based on our experiments, we demonstrate that GANs are able to outperform the performance of a bas…
The mood of a text and the intention of the writer can be reflected in the typeface. However, in designing a typeface, it is difficult to keep the style of various characters consistent, especially for languages with lots of morphological variations such as Chinese. In this paper, we propose a Typeface Completion Network (TCN) which takes one character as an input, and automatically completes the entire set of characters in the same style as the input characters. Unlike existing models proposed for image-to-image translation, TCN embeds a character image into two separate vectors representing …
Several deep learning methods have been proposed for completing partial data from shape acquisition setups, i.e., filling the regions that were missing in the shape. These methods, however, only complete the partial shape with a single output, ignoring the ambiguity when reasoning the missing geometry. Hence, we pose a multi-modal shape completion problem, in which we seek to complete the partial shape with multiple outputs by learning a one-to-many mapping. We develop the first multimodal shape completion method that completes the partial shape via conditional generative modeling, without req…
Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have proven successful for unsupervised image generation. Several works have extended GANs to image inpainting by conditioning the generation with parts of the image to be reconstructed. Despite their success, these methods have limitations in settings where only a small subset of the image pixels is known beforehand. In this paper we investigate the effectiveness of conditioning GANs when very few pixel values are provided. We propose a modelling framework which results in adding an explicit cost term to the GAN objective function to enforce pixel-wise c…
Image completion has achieved significant progress due to advances in generative adversarial networks (GANs). Albeit natural-looking, the synthesized contents still lack details, especially for scenes with complex structures or images with large holes. This is because there exists a gap between low-level reconstruction loss and high-level adversarial loss. To address this issue, we introduce a perceptual network to provide mid-level guidance, which measures the semantical similarity between the synthesized and original contents in a similarity-enhanced space. We conduct a detailed analysis on …
In view of the difficulty in reconstructing object details in point cloud completion, we propose a shape prior learning method for object completion. The shape priors include geometric information in both complete and the partial point clouds. We design a feature alignment strategy to learn the shape prior from complete points, and a coarse to fine strategy to incorporate partial prior in the fine stage. To learn the complete objects prior, we first train a point cloud auto-encoder to extract the latent embeddings from complete points. Then we learn a mapping to transfer the point features fro…
CERN（欧洲核子研究组织）；United Nations Satellite Centre (UNOSAT)（联合国卫星中心）
Image generation and image completion are rapidly evolving fields, thanks to machine learning algorithms that are able to realistically replace missing pixels. However, generating large high resolution images, with a large level of details, presents important computational challenges. In this work, we formulate the image generation task as completion of an image where one out of three corners is missing. We then extend this approach to iteratively build larger images with the same level of detail. Our goal is to obtain a scalable methodology to generate high resolution samples typically found …
National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, CASIA（模式识别国家重点实验室，中国科学院自动化研究所）；Center for Research on Intelligent Perception and Computing, CASIA（智能感知与计算研究中心，中国科学院自动化研究所）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）
Face completion aims to generate semantically new pixels for missing facial components. It is a challenging generative task due to large variations of face appearance. This paper studies generative face completion under structured occlusions. We treat the face completion and corruption as disentangling and fusing processes of clean faces and occlusions, and propose a jointly disentangling and fusing Generative Adversarial Network (DF-GAN). First, three domains are constructed, corresponding to the distributions of occluded faces, clean faces and structured occlusions. The disentangling and fus…
University of Ontario Institute of Technology（安大略理工大学）
Over the last few years, deep learning techniques have yielded significant improvements in image inpainting. However, many of these techniques fail to reconstruct reasonable structures as they are commonly over-smoothed and/or blurry. This paper develops a new approach for image inpainting that does a better job of reproducing filled regions exhibiting fine details. We propose a two-stage adversarial model EdgeConnect that comprises of an edge generator followed by an image completion network. The edge generator hallucinates edges of the missing region (both regular and irregular) of the image…
ABV-Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Gwalior（ABV-瓜廖尔印度信息技术与管理学院）
In real-life applications, certain images utilized are corrupted in which the image pixels are damaged or missing, which increases the complexity of computer vision tasks. In this paper, a deep learning architecture is proposed to deal with image completion and enhancement. Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN), has been turned out to be helpful in picture completion tasks. Therefore, in GANs, Wasserstein GAN architecture is used for image completion which creates the coarse patches to filling the missing region in the distorted picture, and the enhancement network will additionally refine the…
Stanford University（斯坦福大学）；NVIDIA（英伟达）；National Institutes of Health（美国国立卫生研究院）
Multi-domain data are widely leveraged in vision applications taking advantage of complementary information from different modalities, e.g., brain tumor segmentation from multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, due to possible data corruption and different imaging protocols, the availability of images for each domain could vary amongst multiple data sources in practice, which makes it challenging to build a universal model with a varied set of input data. To tackle this problem, we propose a general approach to complete the random missing domain(s) data in real applications…
Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks (cGAN) were designed to generate images based on the provided conditions, \eg, class-level distributions. However, existing methods have used the same generating architecture for all classes. This paper presents a novel idea that adopts NAS to find a distinct architecture for each class. The search space contains regular and class-modulated convolutions, where the latter is designed to introduce class-specific information while avoiding the reduction of training data for each class generator. The search algorithm follows a weight-sharing pipeline wit…
This paper describes a new approach for training generative adversarial networks (GAN) to understand the detailed 3D shape of objects. While GANs have been used in this domain previously, they are notoriously hard to train, especially for the complex joint data distribution over 3D objects of many categories and orientations. Our method extends previous work by employing the Wasserstein distance normalized with gradient penalization as a training objective. This enables improved generation from the joint object shape distribution. Our system can also reconstruct 3D shape from 2D images and per…
In this paper, we propose a GAN-based approach for gap filling in borehole images created by wireline microresistivity imaging tools. The proposed method utilizes a generator, global discriminator, and local discriminator to inpaint the missing regions of the image. The generator is based on an auto-encoder architecture with skip-connections, and the loss function used is the Wasserstein GAN loss. Our experiments on a dataset of borehole images demonstrate that the proposed model can effectively deal with large-scale missing pixels and generate realistic completion results. This approach can i…
Imperial College London（帝国理工学院）；University of Oulu（奥卢大学）
Robust principal component analysis (RPCA) is a powerful method for learning low-rank feature representation of various visual data. However, for certain types as well as significant amount of error corruption, it fails to yield satisfactory results; a drawback that can be alleviated by exploiting domain-dependent prior knowledge or information. In this paper, we propose two models for the RPCA that take into account such side information, even in the presence of missing values. We apply this framework to the task of UV completion which is widely used in pose-invariant face recognition. Moreov…
We introduce a data-driven approach to aid the repairing and conservation of archaeological objects: ORGAN, an object reconstruction generative adversarial network (GAN). By using an encoder-decoder 3D deep neural network on a GAN architecture, and combining two loss objectives: a completion loss and an Improved Wasserstein GAN loss, we can train a network to effectively predict the missing geometry of damaged objects. As archaeological objects can greatly differ between them, the network is conditioned on a variable, which can be a culture, a region or any metadata of the object. In our resul…
ST Engineering - NTU Corporate Lab（ST工程-南洋理工大学企业实验室）；Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学）；Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong（香港城市大学计算机科学系）；City University of Hong Kong（香港城市大学）
The light field faithfully records the spatial and angular configurations of the scene, which facilitates a wide range of imaging possibilities. In this work, we propose an LF synthesis algorithm which renders high quality novel LF views far outside the range of angular baselines of the given references. A stratified synthesis strategy is adopted which parses the scene content based on stratified disparity layers and across a varying range of spatial granularities. Such a stratified methodology proves to help preserve scene structures over large perspective shifts, and it provides informative …
This paper proposes an encoder-decoder architecture grounded on Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), that generates a sequence of activities and their timestamps in an end-to-end way. GANs work well with differentiable data such as images. However, a suffix is a sequence of categorical items. To this end, we use the Gumbel-Softmax distribution to get a differentiable continuous approximation. The training works by putting one neural network against the other in a two-player game (hence the "adversarial" nature), which leads to generating suffixes close to the ground truth. From the experime…
SpiS-GAN: Spiral-Modulated Handwriting Synthesis with Star Operation
University of Information Technology（信息技术大学）；Vietnam National University（越南国立大学）；AJ Technologies（AJ科技公司）；RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project（理化学研究所先进智能项目中心）
Carnegie Mellon University（卡内基梅隆大学）；Michigan State University（密歇根州立大学）
Traditional generative adversarial networks (GAN) and many of its variants are trained by minimizing the KL or JS-divergence loss that measures how close the generated data distribution is from the true data distribution. A recent advance called the WGAN based on Wasserstein distance can improve on the KL and JS-divergence based GANs, and alleviate the gradient vanishing, instability, and mode collapse issues that are common in the GAN training. In this work, we aim at improving on the WGAN by first generalizing its discriminator loss to a margin-based one, which leads to a better discriminato…
University of Southern California（南加州大学）；US Army Research Laboratory（美国陆军研究实验室）
Recent advances in convolutional neural networks have shown promising results in 3D shape completion. But due to GPU memory limitations, these methods can only produce low-resolution outputs. To inpaint 3D models with semantic plausibility and contextual details, we introduce a hybrid framework that combines a 3D Encoder-Decoder Generative Adversarial Network (3D-ED-GAN) and a Long-term Recurrent Convolutional Network (LRCN). The 3D-ED-GAN is a 3D convolutional neural network trained with a generative adversarial paradigm to fill missing 3D data in low-resolution. LRCN adopts a recurrent neura…
Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学）；SenseTime Research（商汤科技研究院）；Shanghai AI Laboratory（上海人工智能实验室）
Most 3D shape completion approaches rely heavily on partial-complete shape pairs and learn in a fully supervised manner. Despite their impressive performances on in-domain data, when generalizing to partial shapes in other forms or real-world partial scans, they often obtain unsatisfactory results due to domain gaps. In contrast to previous fully supervised approaches, in this paper we present ShapeInversion, which introduces Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) inversion to shape completion for the first time. ShapeInversion uses a GAN pre-trained on complete shapes by searching for a latent …
With the popularity of 3D sensors in self-driving and other robotics applications, extensive research has focused on designing novel neural network architectures for accurate 3D point cloud completion. However, unlike in point cloud classification and reconstruction, the role of adversarial samples in3D point cloud completion has seldom been explored. In this work, we show that training with adversarial samples can improve the performance of neural networks on 3D point cloud completion tasks. We propose a novel approach to generate adversarial samples that benefit both the performance of clean…
USC（南加利福尼亚大学）；Carnegie Mellon University（卡内基梅隆大学）；Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago（芝加哥丰田理工学院）
Recent advances in deep generative models have shown promising potential in image inpanting, which refers to the task of predicting missing pixel values of an incomplete image using the known context. However, existing methods can be slow or generate unsatisfying results with easily detectable flaws. In addition, there is often perceivable discontinuity near the holes and require further post-processing to blend the results. We present a new approach to address the difficulty of training a very deep generative model to synthesize high-quality photo-realistic inpainting. Our model uses conditio…
This paper proposes the idea of using a generative adversarial network (GAN) to assist a novice user in designing real-world shapes with a simple interface. The user edits a voxel grid with a painting interface (like Minecraft). Yet, at any time, he/she can execute a SNAP command, which projects the current voxel grid onto a latent shape manifold with a learned projection operator and then generates a similar, but more realistic, shape using a learned generator network. Then the user can edit the resulting shape and snap again until he/she is satisfied with the result. The main advantage of th…
Image completion is the problem of generating whole images from fragments only. It encompasses inpainting (generating a patch given its surrounding), reverse inpainting/extrapolation (generating the periphery given the central patch) as well as colorization (generating one or several channels given other ones). In this paper, we employ a deep network to perform image completion, with adversarial training as well as perceptual and completion losses, and call it the ``missing data encoder'' (MDE). We consider several configurations based on how the seed fragments are chosen. We show that trainin…
The last few years have witnessed the great success of non-linear generative models in synthesizing high-quality photorealistic face images. Many recent 3D facial texture reconstruction and pose manipulation from a single image approaches still rely on large and clean face datasets to train image-to-image Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). Yet the collection of such a large scale high-resolution 3D texture dataset is still very costly and difficult to maintain age/ethnicity balance. Moreover, regression-based approaches suffer from generalization to the in-the-wild conditions and are unab…
Huazhong University of Science and Technology（华中科技大学）；City University of Hong Kong（香港城市大学）；Deakin University（迪肯大学）；Lehigh University（理海大学）
Point cloud completion, as the upstream procedure of 3D recognition and segmentation, has become an essential part of many tasks such as navigation and scene understanding. While various point cloud completion models have demonstrated their powerful capabilities, their robustness against adversarial attacks, which have been proven to be fatally malicious towards deep neural networks, remains unknown. In addition, existing attack approaches towards point cloud classifiers cannot be applied to the completion models due to different output forms and attack purposes. In order to evaluate the robus…
In this work, we examine the feasibility of applying Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networks (DCGANs) with Single Shot Detector (SSD) as data-processing technique to handle with the challenge of pedestrian detection in the wild. Specifically, we attempted to use in-fill completion (where a portion of the image is masked) to generate random transformations of images with portions missing to expand existing labelled datasets. In our work, GAN has been trained intensively on low resolution images, in order to neutralize the challenges of the pedestrian detection in the wild, and consid…
University of Missouri（密苏里大学）；Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture（北京建筑大学）
Deep neural networks recognize objects by analyzing local image details and summarizing their information along the inference layers to derive the final decision. Because of this, they are prone to adversarial attacks. Small sophisticated noise in the input images can accumulate along the network inference path and produce wrong decisions at the network output. On the other hand, human eyes recognize objects based on their global structure and semantic cues, instead of local image textures. Because of this, human eyes can still clearly recognize objects from images which have been heavily dama…
We present a novel generative model for human motion modeling using Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). We formulate the GAN discriminator using dense validation at each time-scale and perturb the discriminator input to make it translation invariant. Our model is capable of motion generation and completion. We show through our evaluations the resiliency to noise, generalization over actions, and generation of long diverse sequences. We evaluate our approach on Human 3.6M and CMU motion capture datasets using inception scores.
University of Surrey（萨里大学）；Tencent AI lab（腾讯人工智能实验室）
Single-channel signal separation and deconvolution aims to separate and deconvolve individual sources from a single-channel mixture and is a challenging problem in which no prior knowledge of the mixing filters is available. Both individual sources and mixing filters need to be estimated. In addition, a mixture may contain non-stationary noise which is unseen in the training set. We propose a synthesizing-decomposition (S-D) approach to solve the single-channel separation and deconvolution problem. In synthesizing, a generative model for sources is built using a generative adversarial network …
Shandong University（山东大学）；University College London（伦敦大学学院）；Peking University（北京大学）；Adobe Research London（伦敦奥多比研究院）
As 3D scanning solutions become increasingly popular, several deep learning setups have been developed geared towards that task of scan completion, i.e., plausibly filling in regions there were missed in the raw scans. These methods, however, largely rely on supervision in the form of paired training data, i.e., partial scans with corresponding desired completed scans. While these methods have been successfully demonstrated on synthetic data, the approaches cannot be directly used on real scans in absence of suitable paired training data. We develop a first approach that works directly on inpu…
We present a novel neural implicit shape method for partial point cloud completion. To that end, we combine a conditional Deep-SDF architecture with learned, adversarial shape priors. More specifically, our network converts partial inputs into a global latent code and then recovers the full geometry via an implicit, signed distance generator. Additionally, we train a PointNet++ discriminator that impels the generator to produce plausible, globally consistent reconstructions. In that way, we effectively decouple the challenges of predicting shapes that are both realistic, i.e. imitate the train…
A generative adversarial network (GAN) based fully automatic electrocardiogram (ECG) arrhythmia classification system with high performance is presented in this paper. The generator (G) in our GAN is designed to generate various coupling matrix inputs conditioned on different arrhythmia classes for data augmentation. Our designed discriminator (D) is trained on both real and generated ECG coupling matrix inputs, and is extracted as an arrhythmia classifier upon completion of training for our GAN. After fine-tuning the D by including patient-specific normal beats estimated using an unsupervised…
Southern Medical University（南方医科大学）；Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Radiation Imaging and Detection Technology（广州市医学辐射成像与检测技术重点实验室）；South China University of Technology（华南理工大学）
Energy-resolving computed tomography (ErCT) has the ability to acquire energy-dependent measurements simultaneously and quantitative material information with improved contrast-to-noise ratio. Meanwhile, ErCT imaging system is usually equipped with an advanced photon counting detector, which is expensive and technically complex. Therefore, clinical ErCT scanners are not yet commercially available, and they are in various stage of completion. This makes the researchers less accessible to the ErCT images. In this work, we investigate to produce ErCT images directly from existing energy-integrati…
We propose a method to reconstruct, complete and semantically label a 3D scene from a single input depth image. We improve the accuracy of the regressed semantic 3D maps by a novel architecture based on adversarial learning. In particular, we suggest using multiple adversarial loss terms that not only enforce realistic outputs with respect to the ground truth, but also an effective embedding of the internal features. This is done by correlating the latent features of the encoder working on partial 2.5D data with the latent features extracted from a variational 3D auto-encoder trained to recons…
In this paper, we propose a Point Fractal Network (PF-Net), a novel learning-based approach for precise and high-fidelity point cloud completion. Unlike existing point cloud completion networks, which generate the overall shape of the point cloud from the incomplete point cloud and always change existing points and encounter noise and geometrical loss, PF-Net preserves the spatial arrangements of the incomplete point cloud and can figure out the detailed geometrical structure of the missing region(s) in the prediction. To succeed at this task, PF-Net estimates the missing point cloud hierarchi…
ECGrecover: a Deep Learning Approach for Electrocardiogram Signal Completion
IRD（法国发展研究院）；Sorbonne Université（索邦大学）；University Paris-Saclay（巴黎-萨克雷大学）；INSERM（法国国家健康与医学研究院）；Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital（皮蒂-萨尔皮特里大学医院）；Vanderbilt University Medical Center（范德堡大学医学中心）；AP-HP（巴黎公共医疗集团）；Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière（皮蒂-萨尔皮特里医院）
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign（伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校）；University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）；Microsoft Research Asia（微软亚洲研究院）
In this paper, we proposed a novel Style-based Point Generator with Adversarial Rendering (SpareNet) for point cloud completion. Firstly, we present the channel-attentive EdgeConv to fully exploit the local structures as well as the global shape in point features. Secondly, we observe that the concatenation manner used by vanilla foldings limits its potential of generating a complex and faithful shape. Enlightened by the success of StyleGAN, we regard the shape feature as style code that modulates the normalization layers during the folding, which considerably enhances its capability. Thirdly,…
In an era when big data are becoming the norm, there is less concern with the quantity but more with the quality and completeness of the data. In many disciplines, data are collected from heterogeneous sources, resulting in multi-view or multi-modal datasets. The missing data problem has been challenging to address in multi-view data analysis. Especially, when certain samples miss an entire view of data, it creates the missing view problem. Classic multiple imputations or matrix completion methods are hardly effective here when no information can be based on in the specific view to impute data…
Recently proposed robust 3D face alignment methods establish either dense or sparse correspondence between a 3D face model and a 2D facial image. The use of these methods presents new challenges as well as opportunities for facial texture analysis. In particular, by sampling the image using the fitted model, a facial UV can be created. Unfortunately, due to self-occlusion, such a UV map is always incomplete. In this paper, we propose a framework for training Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) to complete the facial UV map extracted from in-the-wild images. To this end, we first gather co…
The challenging task of image outpainting (extrapolation) has received comparatively little attention in relation to its cousin, image inpainting (completion). Accordingly, we present a deep learning approach based on Iizuka et al. for adversarially training a network to hallucinate past image boundaries. We use a three-phase training schedule to stably train a DCGAN architecture on a subset of the Places365 dataset. In line with Iizuka et al., we also use local discriminators to enhance the quality of our output. Once trained, our model is able to outpaint $128 \times 128$ color images relati…
Chosun University（朝鲜大学）；Hanoi University of Science and Technology（河内理工大学）；Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology（越南科学技术院）
Pose-invariant face recognition refers to the problem of identifying or verifying a person by analyzing face images captured from different poses. This problem is challenging due to the large variation of pose, illumination and facial expression. A promising approach to deal with pose variation is to fulfill incomplete UV maps extracted from in-the-wild faces, then attach the completed UV map to a fitted 3D mesh and finally generate different 2D faces of arbitrary poses. The synthesized faces increase the pose variation for training deep face recognition models and reduce the pose discrepancy …
Unleashing Network Potentials for Semantic Scene Completion
School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology（南京理工大学计算机科学与工程学院）；Singapore Management University（新加坡管理大学）；The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology（香港科技大学）
University of California, Merced（加州大学默塞德分校）；Adobe Research（Adobe研究院）
In this paper, we propose an effective face completion algorithm using a deep generative model. Different from well-studied background completion, the face completion task is more challenging as it often requires to generate semantically new pixels for the missing key components (e.g., eyes and mouths) that contain large appearance variations. Unlike existing nonparametric algorithms that search for patches to synthesize, our algorithm directly generates contents for missing regions based on a neural network. The model is trained with a combination of a reconstruction loss, two adversarial los…
