As weak lensing surveys become deeper, they reveal more non-Gaussian aspects of the convergence field which can only be extracted using statistics beyond the power spectrum. In Cheng et al. (2020) we showed that the scattering transform, a novel statistic borrowing mathematical concepts from convolutional neural networks, is a powerful tool for cosmological parameter estimation in the non-Gaussian regime. Here, we extend that analysis to explore its sensitivity to dark energy and neutrino mass parameters with weak lensing surveys. We first use image synthesis to show visually that, compared to the power spectrum and bispectrum, the scattering transform provides a better statistical vocabulary to characterize the perceptual properties of lensing mass maps. We then show that it is also better suited for parameter inference: (i) it provides higher sensitivity in the noiseless regime, and (ii) at the noise level of Rubin-like surveys, though the constraints are not significantly tighter than those of the bispectrum, the scattering coefficients have a more Gaussian sampling distribution, which is an important property for likelihood parametrization and accurate cosmological inference. We argue that the scattering coefficients are preferred statistics considering both constraining power and likelihood properties.
Sensitivity of Weak Lensing Surveys to Gravitational Waves from Inspiraling Supermassive Black Hole Binaries
University of Southern California（南加州大学）；Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology（加州理工学院喷气推进实验室）；California Institute of Technology（加州理工学院）
Improvements in the accuracy of shape measurements are essential to exploit the statistical power of planned imaging surveys that aim to constrain cosmological parameters using weak lensing by large-scale structure. Although a range of tests can be performed using the measurements, the performance of the algorithm can only be quantified using simulated images. This yields, however, only meaningful results if the simulated images resemble the real observations sufficiently well. In this paper we explore the sensitivity of the multiplicative bias to the input parameters of Euclid-like image simu…
Galaxy-CMB and galaxy-galaxy lensing on large scales: sensitivity to primordial non-Gaussianity
一个令人信服的检测原始非高斯的局部形式的双谱，其幅度是由fNL参数，提供了一个强大的测试膨胀。本文计算了由fNL引起的弱透镜-星系-星系透镜和星系-宇宙微波背景（CMB）互相关的两点互相关统计量的修正。推导并计算了包含宇宙方差项的星系-星系透镜效应协方差矩阵。我们专注于大尺度（l<100）的剪切测量的形状噪声变得无关紧要，宇宙方差占主导地位的误差预算。对于适度的非高斯性，fNL=+/-50，在R~300 Mpc的尺度上可以看到星系-星系透镜信号在10%水平上的变化，并且随着\propto R ^2的增大而迅速增长。我们还看到了在~150 Mpc的物质功率谱中重子声学振荡特征的清晰特征，这可以通过下一代透镜实验来测量。此外，我们可以探测本地形式的原始非高斯性的星系CMB透镜信号通过关联的高z星系的CMB重建的透镜势。例如，对于fNL=+/-50，我们发现星系-CMB透镜互功率谱在l~40处被修改了~10%，在l~10处被修改了2倍，对于z=2的星系群，偏差为2。对于z值较大的高度偏置的星系群，这种影响更大;因此，与CMB交叉相关的高z星系巡天提供了另一种原始非高斯性的探测。
The Sensitivity of Substructure Lensing to SIDM Core-collapse Model Variation
The Ohio State University（俄亥俄州立大学）；University of Minnesota（明尼苏达大学）；Texas A&M University（德克萨斯农工大学）；University of New Mexico（新墨西哥大学）；University of California, Los Angeles（加州大学洛杉矶分校）；Institute for Advanced Study（高等研究院）；Carnegie Science（卡内基科学）
This paper aims to quantify how the lowest halo mass that can be detected with galaxy-galaxy strong gravitational lensing depends on the quality of the observations and the characteristics of the observed lens systems. Using simulated data, we measure the lowest detectable NFW mass at each location of the lens plane, in the form of detailed \emph{sensitivity maps}. In summary, we find that: (i) the lowest detectable mass $M_{\rm low}$ decreases linearly as the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) increases and the sensitive area is larger when we decrease the noise; (ii) a moderate increase in angular …
Mapping the Information Geometry of an Unresolved Dark Matter Population using a Differentiable Strong Lensing Simulator
Université de Montréal（蒙特利尔大学）；Mila - Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute（魁北克人工智能研究所米拉）；Ciela - Montreal Institute for Astrophysical Data Analysis and Machine Learning（蒙特利尔天体物理数据分析与机器学习研究所）
We construct a pipeline for simulating weak lensing cosmology surveys with the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), taking as inputs telescope sensitivity curves; correlated source flux, size and redshift distributions; a simple ionospheric model; source redshift and ellipticity measurement errors. We then use this simulation pipeline to optimise a 2-year weak lensing survey performed with the first deployment of the SKA (SKA1). Our assessments are based on the total signal-to-noise of the recovered shear power spectra, a metric that we find to correlate very well with a standard dark energy figure o…
Advancing weak lensing mass mapping with a mask-aware HEALPix transformer
State Key Laboratory of Dark Matter Physics, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学物理与天文学院暗物质物理全国重点实验室）；Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MOE) / Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology（粒子天体物理与宇宙学教育部重点实验室/上海粒子物理与宇宙学重点实验室）
The number density of local maxima of weak lensing field, referred to as weak-lensing peak counts, can be used as a cosmological probe. However, its relevant cosmological information is still unclear. We study the relationship between the peak counts and other statistics in weak lensing field by using 1000 ray-tracing simulations. We construct a local transformation of lensing field $\cal K$ to a new Gaussian field $y$, named local-Gaussianized transformation. We calibrate the transformation with numerical simulations so that the one-point distribution and the power spectrum of $\cal K$ can be…
The Squeezed Bispectrum from CHIME HI Emission and Planck CMB Lensing: Current Sensitivity and Forecasts
McGill University（麦吉尔大学）；Arizona State University（亚利桑那州立大学）；University of British Columbia（不列颠哥伦比亚大学）；National Research Council Canada（加拿大国家研究委员会）；Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院）
We analyze the sensitivity of galaxy and weak-lensing surveys to detect preferred directions in the gravitational interaction. We consider general theories of gravity involving additional vector degrees of freedom with non-vanishing spatial components in the background. We use a model-independent parametrization of the perturbations equations in terms of four effective parameters, namely, the standard effective Newton constant $G_{eff}$ and slip parameter $γ$ for scalar modes and two new parameters $μ_Q$ and $μ_h$ for vector and tensor modes respectively, which are required when preferred dire…
In the context of tomographic cosmic shear surveys, there exists a nulling transformation of weak lensing observations (also called BNT transform) that allows us to simplify the correlation structure of tomographic cosmic shear observations, as well as to build observables that depend only on a localised range of redshifts and thus independent from the low-redshift/small-scale modes. This procedure renders possible accurate, and from-first-principles, predictions of the convergence and aperture mass one-point distributions (PDF). We here explore other consequences of this transformation on the…
We introduce a machine learning method for estimating the sensitivity of strong lens observations to dark matter subhaloes in the lens. Our training data include elliptical power-law lenses, Hubble Deep Field sources, external shear, and noise and PSF for the Euclid VIS instrument. We set the concentration of the subhaloes using a $v_\mathrm{max}$-$r_\mathrm{max}$ relation. We then estimate the dark matter subhalo sensitivity in $16{,}000$ simulated strong lens observations with depth and resolution resembling Euclid VIS images. We find that, with a $3σ$ detection threshold, $2.35$ per cent of…
Hierarchical cosmological constraints through strong lensing distance ratio
National Centre for Nuclear Research（国家核研究中心）；School of Physics and Astronomy, Beijing Normal University（北京师范大学物理学院）；Institute for Frontiers in Astronomy and Astrophysics, Beijing Normal University（北京师范大学天文与前沿科学研究院）
We construct the spin flaglet transform, a wavelet transform to analyze spin signals in three dimensions. Spin flaglets can probe signal content localized simultaneously in space and frequency and, moreover, are separable so that their angular and radial properties can be controlled independently. They are particularly suited to analyzing of cosmological observations such as the weak gravitational lensing of galaxies. Such observations have a unique 3D geometrical setting since they are natively made on the sky, have spin angular symmetries, and are extended in the radial direction by addition…
We estimate uncertainties of cosmological parameters for phenomenological interacting dark energy models using weak lensing convergence power spectrum and bispectrum. We focus on the bispectrum tomography and examine how well the weak lensing bispectrum with tomography can constrain the interactions between dark sectors, as well as other cosmological parameters. Employing the Fisher matrix analysis, we forecast parameter uncertainties derived from weak lensing bispectra with a two-bin tomography and place upper bounds on strength of the interactions between the dark sectors. The cosmic shear w…
We demonstrate an efficient method to compute the strong-gravitational-lensing deflection angle and magnification for any elliptical surface-density profile. This method solves a numerical hurdle in lens modelling that has lacked a general solution for nearly three decades. The hurdle emerges because it is prohibitive to derive analytic expressions of the lensing quantities for most elliptical mass profiles. In our method, we first decompose an elliptical mass profile into Gaussian components. We introduce an integral transform that provides us with a fast and accurate algorithm for the Gaussi…
LSST Strong Lensing Systems Dark Matter Sensitivity Analysis with Neural Ratio Estimators
Ciela Institute（Ciela研究所）；Montreal Institute for Astrophysics and Machine Learning（蒙特利尔天体物理学与机器学习研究所）；Mila - Quebec AI Institute（Mila-魁北克人工智能研究所）；Department of Physics, University of Montréal（蒙特利尔大学物理系）；Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute（Flatiron研究所计算天体物理中心）；Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics（理论物理前沿研究所）；Trottier Space Institute, McGill University（麦吉尔大学特罗蒂尔太空研究所）；University of Chicago（芝加哥大学）
If left unchecked modeling uncertainties at small scales, due to poorly understood baryonic physics and non-linear structure formation, will significantly bias Stage IV cosmic shear two-point statistic parameter constraints. While it is perhaps possible to run N-body or hydrodynamical simulations to determine the impact of these effects this approach is computationally expensive; especially to test a large number of theories of gravity. Instead we propose directly removing sensitivity to small-scale structure from the lensing spectrum, creating a statistic that is robust to these uncertainties…
Carnegie Mellon University（卡内基梅隆大学）；University of California, Los Angeles（加州大学洛杉矶分校）；Ohio State University（俄亥俄州立大学）；University of Kentucky（肯塔基大学）；Chalmers University of Technology（查尔姆斯理工大学）；Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence（穆罕默德·本·扎耶德人工智能大学）；University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign（伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校）
Quantifying the parameters and corresponding uncertainties of hundreds of strongly lensed quasar systems holds the key to resolving one of the most important scientific questions: the Hubble constant ($H_{0}$) tension. The commonly used Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method has been too time-consuming to achieve this goal, yet recent work has shown that convolution neural networks (CNNs) can be an alternative with seven orders of magnitude improvement in speed. With 31,200 simulated strongly lensed quasar images, we explore the usage of Vision Transformer (ViT) for simulated strong gravitatio…
Kinematic lensing with high-resolution spectroscopic surveys. A unique opportunity for transformative cosmology at high redshifts in the 2040s
Università degli Studi di Torino（都灵大学）；INFN – Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino（意大利国家核物理研究所都灵分部）；INAF – Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino（意大利国家天体物理研究所都灵天文台）
SHELS: Testing Weak Lensing Maps with Redshift Surveys
弱透镜巡天正在成为构造“质量选择”星系团的重要工具。我们评估的效率和完整性相结合的密集，完整的红移调查，史密森Hectospec透镜调查（SHELS），从深透镜调查（DLS）的弱透镜地图弱透镜选择。SHELS在4平方度的DLS场中包含了11，692个R < 20.6的星系的红移;该巡天为确定红移z 3.5的大质量星系团< 0.55. The range of sensitivity of the redshift survey is similar to the range for the DLS convergence map. Only four the twelve convergence peaks with signal-to-noise >对应于M > 1.7 x 10^14太阳质量的星系团提供了坚实的基础。SHELS中的八个大质量星团中有四个在弱透镜图中被检测到，完整性约为50%。我们研究了七个已知的扩展集群X射线源在DLS领域：三个可以检测到的弱透镜映射，三个不应该被检测到没有从叠加的大尺度结构提升，和一个神秘的未检测到，即使它的光学特性表明，它应该产生一个可检测的透镜信号。总之，这些结果强调了需要更广泛的比较不同的方法之间的大规模集群识别。
The magnification of galaxies in modern galaxy surveys induces additional correlations in the cosmic shear, galaxy-galaxy lensing and clustering observables used in modern lensing "3x2pt" analyses, due to sample selection. In this paper, we emulate the magnification contribution to all three observables utilising the SLICS simulations suite, and test the sensitivity of the cosmological model, galaxy bias and redshift distribution calibration to un-modelled magnification in a Stage-IV-like survey using Monte-Carlo sampling. We find that magnification cannot be ignored in any single or combined …
Utilizing gravitational-wave (GW) lensing opens a new way to understand the small-scale structure of the universe. We show that, in spite of its coarse angular resolution and short duration of observation, LIGO can detect the GW lensing induced by compact structures, in particular by compact dark matter (DM) or primordial black holes of $10 - 10^5 \, M_\odot$, which remain interesting DM candidates. The lensing is detected through GW frequency chirping, creating the natural and rapid change of lensing patterns: \emph{frequency-dependent amplification and modulation} of GW waveforms. As a highe…
We performed a series of numerical experiments to quantify the sensitivity of the predictions for weak lensing statistics obtained in raytracing DM-only simulations, to two hyper-parameters that influence the accuracy as well as the computational cost of the predictions: the thickness of the lens planes used to build past light-cones and the mass resolution of the underlying DM simulation. The statistics considered are the power spectrum and a series of non-Gaussian observables, including the one-point probability density function, lensing peaks, and Minkowski functionals. Counter-intuitively,…
Cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments that constrain the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$ are now approaching the sensitivity at which delensing---removing the $B$ modes induced by the gravitational lensing of large-scale structure---is necessary. We consider the improvement in delensing that maps of large-scale structure from tomographic line intensity mapping (IM) experiments targeting $2 < z < 10$ could provide. Compared to a nominal baseline of cosmic infrared background and internal delensing at CMB-S4 sensitivity, we find that the addition of high-redshift IM data could improve delensi…
The study of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) lensing potential has established itself by now as a robust way of probing the physics of large-scale structure growth. The most common estimators of the lensing potential are derived under the assumption of Gaussianity of the matter distribution and in the Born approximation of the photon diffusion. In this paper we study the performance of quadratic estimators when applied to realistic sky maps extracted from multiple-lens ray tracing techniques in cosmological $N$-body simulations. These are expected to model accurately the effects due to t…
Double source lensing, with two sources lensed by the same foreground galaxy, involves the distance between each source and the lens and hence is a probe of the universe away from the observer. The double source distance ratio also reduces sensitivity to the lens model and has good complementarity with standard distance probes. We show that using this technique at high redshifts $z>1$, to be enabled by data from the Euclid satellite and other surveys, can give insights on dark energy, both in terms of $w_0$-$w_a$ and redshift binned density. We find a dark energy figure of merit of 245 from co…
We combine constraints from linear and nonlinear scales, for the first time, to study the interaction between dark matter and dark energy. We devise a novel N-body simulation pipeline for cosmological models beyond $Λ$CDM. This pipeline is fully self-consistent and opens a new window to study the nonlinear structure formation in general phenomenological interacting dark energy models. By comparing our simulation results with the SDSS galaxy-galaxy weak lensing measurements, we are able to constrain the strength of interaction between dark energy and dark matter. Compared with the previous stud…
