We study the sensitivity of weak lensing surveys to the effects of catastrophic redshift errors - cases where the true redshift is misestimated by a significant amount. To compute the biases in cosmological parameters, we adopt an efficient linearized analysis where the redshift errors are directly related to shifts in the weak lensing convergence power spectra. We estimate the number Nspec of unbiased spectroscopic redshifts needed to determine the catastrophic error rate well enough that biases in cosmological parameters are below statistical errors of weak lensing tomography. While the straightforward estimate of Nspec is ~10^6 we find that using only the photometric redshifts with z<=2.5 leads to a drastic reduction in Nspec to ~30,000 while negligibly increasing statistical errors in dark energy parameters. Therefore, the size of spectroscopic survey needed to control catastrophic errors is similar to that previously deemed necessary to constrain the core of the z_s-z_p distribution. We also study the efficacy of the recent proposal to measure redshift errors by cross-correlation between the photo-z and spectroscopic samples. We find that this method requires ~10% a priori knowledge of the bias and stochasticity of the outlier population, and is also easily confounded by lensing magnification bias. The cross-correlation method is therefore unlikely to supplant the need for a complete spectroscopic redshift survey of the source population.
We present results of using a basic binary classification neural network model to identify likely catastrophic outlier photometric redshift estimates of individual galaxies, based only on the galaxies' measured photometric band magnitude values. We find that a simple implementation of this classification can identify a significant fraction of galaxies with catastrophic outlier photometric redshift estimates while falsely categorizing only a much smaller fraction of non-outliers. These methods have the potential to reduce the errors introduced into science analyses by catastrophic outlier photo…
Spectro-photometric variability of quasars caused by lensing of diffuse massive substructure: Consequences on flux anomaly and precise astrometric measurements
We present a new measurement of structure growth at $z \simeq 0.08$ obtained by correlating the cosmic microwave background (CMB) lensing potential map from the \textit{Planck} satellite with the angular distribution of the 2MASS Photometric Redshift galaxies. After testing for, and finding no evidence for systematic effects, we calculate the angular auto- and cross-power spectra. We combine these spectra to estimate the amplitude of structure growth using the bias-independent $D_G$ estimator introduced by Giannantonio et al. 2016. We find that the relative amplitude of $D_G$ with respect to t…
Exploring Cosmological Constraints of the Void-Lensing Cross-Correlation in the CSST Photometric Survey
National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院国家天文台）；School of Astronomy and Space Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(UCAS)（中国科学院大学天文与空间科学学院）；Science Center for China Space Station Telescope, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Science（中国科学院国家天文台中国空间站望远镜科学中心）
We study the importance of gravitational lensing in the modelling of the number counts of galaxies. We confirm previous results for photometric surveys, showing that lensing cannot be neglected in a survey like LSST since it would infer a significant shift of cosmological parameters. For a spectroscopic survey like SKA2, we find that neglecting lensing in the monopole, quadrupole and hexadecapole of the correlation function also induces an important shift of parameters. For $Λ$CDM parameters, the shift is moderate, of the order of 0.6$σ$ or less. However, for a model-independent analysis, that…
Photometric redshift requirements for lens galaxies in galaxy-galaxy lensing analyses
弱引力透镜是研究星系形成和宇宙学的重要工具。在这里，我们量化的影响，使用光度红移（photo-z）在星系星系透镜，无论是源和镜头，无论是直接的目标，使用星系与photo-z作为镜头在斯隆数字巡天（SDSS），并作为一个示范的方法，为大型，即将到来的弱透镜调查，将由必然的主导镜头样本与photo-z。我们计算了透镜质量校准中的偏差以及绝对幅度的结果（即，k-校正）和恒星质量的估计，SDSS数据发布8（DR 8）星系的大样本。在SDSS DR 8 ugriz光度计上用基于模板的光z代码ZEBRA获得红移。我们组装和校准样品（~ 9 k光谱红移从四个调查），以获得光度红移误差和透镜偏差对应于我们的完整的SDSS DR 8镜头和源目录。我们对校准样品的测试还突出了当光谱校准覆盖其足迹的一小部分时成像调查中观察条件的影响;校准场中的非典型成像条件可能导致关于完整调查的照片z的错误结论。对于SDSS DR 8星表，透镜星表和源星表的σ_z/（1+z）分别为0.096和0.113，通量极限分别为r=21和r=21.8。我们还探讨了系统的不确定性时，使用源photo-z的透镜信号校准，镜头和源photo-z;鉴于现有的训练样本的大小，我们可以限制透镜信号校准（因此归一化的表面质量密度）分别在2%和4%。[删节]
We present results of using individual galaxies' redshift probability information derived from a photometric redshift (photo-z) algorithm, SPIDERz, to identify potential catastrophic outliers in photometric redshift determinations. By using two test data sets comprised of COSMOS multi-band photometry spanning a wide redshift range (0<z<4) matched with reliable spectroscopic or other redshift determinations we explore the efficacy of a novel method to flag potential catastrophic outliers in an analysis which relies on accurate photometric redshifts. SPIDERz is a custom support vector machine cl…
Accurate weak lensing mass estimates of clusters are needed in order to calibrate mass proxies for the cosmological exploitation of galaxy cluster surveys. Such measurements require accurate knowledge of the redshift distribution of the weak lensing source galaxies. In this context, we investigate the accuracy of photometric redshifts (photo-$z$s) computed by the 3D-HST team for the Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey fields, which provide a relevant photometric reference data set for deep weak lensing studies. Through the comparison to spectroscopic redshifts and ph…
We present a method that accurately propagates residual uncertainties in photometric redshift distributions into the cosmological inference from weak lensing measurements. The redshift distributions of tomographic redshift bins are parameterised using a flexible modified Gaussian mixture model. We fit this model to pre-calibrated redshift distributions and implement an analytic marginalisation over the potentially several hundred redshift nuisance parameters in the weak lensing likelihood, which is demonstrated to accurately recover the cosmological posterior. By iteratively fitting cosmologic…
Weak lensing surveys are reaching sensitivities at which uncertainties in the galaxy redshift distributions n(z) from photo-z errors degrade cosmological constraints. We use ray-tracing simulations and a simple treatment of photo-z errors to assess cosmological parameter biases from uncertainties in n(z) in an LSST-like survey. We use the power spectrum and the abundance of lensing peaks to infer cosmological parameters, and find that the former is somewhat more resilient to photo-z errors. We place conservative lower limits on the survey size at which different types of photo-z errors degrade…
The masses of galaxy clusters can be measured using data obtained exclusively from wide photometric surveys in one of two ways: directly from the amplitude of the weak lensing signal or, indirectly, through the use of scaling relations calibrated using binned lensing measurements. In this paper, we build on a recently proposed idea and implement an alternative method based on the radial profile of the satellite distribution. This technique relies on splashback, a feature associated with the apocenter of recently accreted galaxies that offers a clear window into the phase-space structure of clu…
We study the effect of diffuse intracluster light on the critical surface mass density estimated from photometric redshifts of lensing source galaxies, and the resulting bias in a weak lensing measurement of galaxy cluster mass. Under conservative assumptions, we find the bias to be negligible for imaging surveys like the Dark Energy Survey (DES) with a recommended scale cut of >=200 kpc distance from cluster centers. For significantly deeper source catalogs from present and future surveys like the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) program, more conservative scale and source magnitude cut…
Weak-Lensing Shear Response for Photometric Redshift-Based Tomographic Binning
Brookhaven National Laboratory（布鲁海文国家实验室）；University of Pittsburgh（匹兹堡大学）；SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory（SLAC国家加速器实验室）；Carnegie Mellon University（卡内基梅隆大学）
We describe the first spectroscopic tomographic (spectrotomographic) weak lensing measurement for a galaxy cluster based only on background galaxies with spectroscopically determined redshifts. We use the massive cluster A2029 to demonstrate the power of combining spectroscopy and lensing to obtain accurate masses and to overcome biases from contamination and photometric redshift errors. We detect the shear signal from the cluster at $>3.9 σ$. The shear signal scales with source redshift in a way that is consistent with the angular diameter distance ratio variation in a $Λ$CDM Universe. Furthe…
We study the impact of neglecting lensing magnification in galaxy clustering analyses for future galaxy surveys, considering the LambdaCDM model and two extensions: massive neutrinos and modifications of General Relativity. Our study focuses on the biases on the constraints and on the estimation of the cosmological parameters. We perform a comprehensive investigation of these two effects for the upcoming photometric and spectroscopic galaxy surveys Euclid and SKA for different redshift binning configurations. We also provide a fitting formula for the magnification bias of SKA. Our results show…
Non-negative matrix factorization for self-calibration of photometric redshift scatter in weak lensing surveys
光z误差是系统学中降低弱透镜宇宙学推论准确性的主要原因之一。Zhang et al.（2010）提出了一种结合星系-星系相关性和星系-剪切相关性的自校准方法。Fisher矩阵分析表明，仅使用光度数据就可以确定0.01-1%水平的photo-z离群值比率，而不依赖于任何先验知识。在本文中，我们开发了一种新的算法来实现这种方法，通过解决自校准过程中出现的约束非线性优化问题。该算法基于不动点迭代和非负矩阵分解技术，能够高效、鲁棒地重建真z面元和光z面元之间的散射概率。该算法已经过广泛的测试，将其应用到模拟第四阶段弱透镜项目的模拟数据。我们发现，该算法提供了一个成功的恢复的散射率在0.01- 1%的水平，和真正的平均红移的photo-z仓在0.001的水平，这可能会满足要求，在未来的透镜调查。
A direct probe of cosmological power spectra of the peculiar velocity field and the gravitational lensing magnification from photometric redshift surveys
We develop a set of machine-learning based cosmological emulators, to obtain fast model predictions for the $C(\ell)$ angular power spectrum coefficients characterising tomographic observations of galaxy clustering and weak gravitational lensing from multi-band photometric surveys (and their cross-correlation). A set of neural networks are trained to map cosmological parameters into the coefficients, achieving a speed-up $\mathcal{O}(10^3)$ in computing the required statistics for a given set of cosmological parameters, with respect to standard Boltzmann solvers, with an accuracy better than $…
Photometric redshifts for supernovae Ia in the Supernova Legacy Survey
本文介绍了一种利用SALT 2光变曲线拟合器，根据超新星遗产巡天（SNLS）中Ia型超新星在g '，r'，i'和z'的光度测定，确定其红移的方法。在SNLS前三年的289颗超新星数据上，我们得到了平均精度为1.0的$σ_{Δz/(1+z)} = 0.022$，其中z为0.45时的精度更高，为0.016<0.45 and a lower one of 0.025 for z>。$|Δz|/(1+z)>0.15$（灾难性错误）的事件发生率为1.4%。无论是精度还是灾难性的错误率都比目前使用宿主星系光度红移所能获得的要好。这种精度的光度红移可能对未来的实验有用，这些实验的目标是发现多达数百万颗Ia超新星，但其中大多数没有光谱学。
我们对星系团RXC J2248.7-4431进行了弱透镜分析，这是一个z=0.3475的大质量系统，具有HST/CLASH调查所涵盖的突出的强透镜特征（Postman et al. 2012）。利用MPG/ESO-2.2m望远镜WFI相机的UBVRIZ成像，我们测量了背景星系的光度红移和形状。该簇被检测为5 σ显著性的质量峰。它的密度可以用NFW剖面（Navarro等，1996）来参数化，其中有两个自由参数，质量M_200 m =（33.1+9.6-6.8）x10^14Msol和浓度c_200 m =2.6+1.5-1.0。我们在视场内发现了第二个星系团，其光度红移为z~0.6，NFW质量为M_200 m =（4.0+3.7-2.6）x10^14Msol。
To combine information from measurements of the redshift-space power spectrum from spectroscopic data with angular weak lensing, galaxy clustering and galaxy-galaxy lensing power spectra from photometric surveys (i.e. the $3 \times 2$ point statistics), we must account for the covariance between the two probes. Currently any covariance between the two types of measurements is neglected as existing photometric and spectroscopic surveys largely probe different cosmological volumes. This will cease to be the case as data arrives from Stage-IV surveys. In this paper we derive an analytic expressio…
Anisotropy and tracer-profile assumptions in aperture-based strong-lens dynamics: Conditional inference from supernova distance ratios and unresolved stellar kinematics
Dali University（大理大学）；Xi’an Jiaotong University（西安交通大学）
