Not only correctness but also self-confidence play an important role in improving the quality of knowledge. Undesirable situations such as confident incorrect and unconfident correct knowledge prevent learners from revising their knowledge because it is not always easy for them to perceive the situations. To solve this problem, we propose a system that estimates self-confidence while solving multiple-choice questions by eye tracking and gives feedback about which question should be reviewed carefully. We report the results of three studies measuring its effectiveness. (1) On a well-controlled dataset with 10 participants, our approach detected confidence and unconfidence with 81% and 79% average precision. (2) With the help of 20 participants, we observed that correct answer rates of questions were increased by 14% and 17% by giving feedback about correct answers without confidence and incorrect answers with confidence, respectively. (3) We conducted a large-scale data recording in a private school (72 high school students solved 14,302 questions) to investigate effective features and the number of required training samples.
PreCare: Designing AI Assistants for Advance Care Planning (ACP) to Enhance Personal Value Exploration, Patient Knowledge, and Decisional Confidence
National Taiwan University（台湾国立大学）；Vilnius University（维尔纽斯大学）；University of California Berkeley（加州大学伯克利分校）；National Taiwan University Hospital（台湾国立大学医院）
Advancing User-Voice Interaction: Exploring Emotion-Aware Voice Assistants Through a Role-Swapping Approach
University of Bergen（卑尔根大学）；KTH Royal Institute of Technology（瑞典皇家理工学院）；University of Surrey（萨里大学）；Chalmers University of Technology（查尔姆斯理工大学）；Norwegian University of Science and Technology（挪威科技大学）
非洲的学生与教师的比例很高，限制了学生获得教师的机会。因此，学生们很难得到他们问题的答案。在这项工作中，我们扩展了我们以前的人工智能教学助手Kwame，将其调整为科学教育，并将其部署为Web应用程序。Kwame for Science基于西非高中证书考试（WASSCE）的综合科学科目回答学生的问题。Kwame for Science是一个基于句子BERT的问答网络应用程序，它显示3个段落作为答案，并在回答科学问题时显示信心分数。此外，它显示了前5个相关的过去考试的问题和他们的答案，除了3段。我们对Kwame for Science进行了为期2.5周的实际部署的初步评估，结果显示前3名的准确率为87.5%（n=56），共有11个国家的190名用户。Kwame for Science将为非洲数百万人提供可扩展的、具有成本效益的高质量远程教育。
