Reconstruction of the dark sectors' interaction: A model-independent inference and forecast from GW standard sirens
Alexander Bonilla, Suresh Kumar, Rafael C. Nunes, Supriya Pan
备注：
8 page, 4 figures, Comments are welcome. This is the final version published in MNRAS, with the correction of some types and without changing the results
Interacting dark matter (DM) - dark energy (DE) models have been intensively investigated in the literature for their ability to fit various data sets as well as to explain some observational tensions persisting within the $Λ$CDM cosmology. In this work, we employ the Gaussian processes (GP) algorithm to perform a joint analysis by using the geometrical cosmological probes such as Cosmic chronometers, Supernova Type Ia, Baryon Acoustic Oscillations, and the H0LiCOW lenses sample to infer a reconstruction of the coupling function between the dark components in a general framework, where the DE can assume a dynamical character via its equation of state. In addition to the joint analysis with these data, we simulate a catalogue with standard siren events from binary neutron star mergers, within the sensitivity predicted by the Einstein Telescope, to reconstruct the dark sector coupling with more accuracy in a robust way. We find that the particular case, where $w = -1$ is fixed on the DE nature, has a statistical preference for an interaction in the dark sector at late times. In the general case, where $w(z)$ is analysed, we find no evidence for such dark coupling, and the predictions are compatible with the $Λ$CDM paradigm. When the mock events of the standard sirens are considered to improve the kernel in GP predictions, we find a preference for an interaction in the dark sector at late times.
Gravitational Waves (GW's) can determine the luminosity distance of the progenitor directly from the amplitude of the wave, without assuming any specific cosmological model. Thus, it can be considered as a standard siren. The coalescence of binary neutron stars (BNS) or neutron star-black hole pair (NSBH) can generate GW's as well as the electromagnetic counterpart, which can be detected in a form of Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRB) and can be used to determine the redshift of the source. Consequently, such a standard siren can be a very useful probe to constrain the cosmological parameters. In this wor…
Forecast constraints for a Symmetric Teleparallel Gravity model with a $Λ$CDM background are made using forthcoming ground and space based gravitational waves observatories. A Bayesian analysis resorting to generated mock catalogs shows that LIGO is not expected to be able to distinguish this model from $Λ$CDM, while both LISA and the ET will, with the ET outperforming LISA. We also show that low redshift events are favored in order to improve the quality of the constrains.
TianQin is a space-based gravitational-wave observatory scheduled to be launched in the 2030s. In this work, we make a preliminary forecast for the cosmological parameter estimation with the gravitational-wave standard siren observation from TianQin. We simulate the standard siren data of TianQin based on its 5-year observation after the completion of construction. In the simulation, three models for the population of massive black hole binary (MBHB), i.e., pop III, Q3nod, and Q3d, are considered to predict the event numbers of MBHB mergers. We find that: (i) among the three MBHB models, the Q…
The third-generation ground-based gravitational-wave (GW) detector, Cosmic Explorer (CE), is scheduled to start its observation in the 2030s. In this paper, we make a forecast for cosmological parameter estimation with gravitational-wave standard siren observation from the CE. We use the simulated GW standard siren data of CE to constrain the $Λ$CDM, $w$CDM and CPL models. We combine the simulated GW data with the current cosmological electromagnetic observations including the latest cosmic microwave background anisotropies data from Planck, the optical baryon acoustic oscillation measurements…
The gravitational waves from compact binary systems are viewed as a standard siren to probe the evolution of the universe. This paper summarizes the potential and ability to use the gravitational waves to constrain the cosmological parameters and the dark sector interaction in the Gaussian process methodology. After briefly introducing the method to reconstruct the dark sector interaction by the Gaussian process, the concept of standard sirens and the analysis of reconstructing the dark sector interaction with LISA are outlined. Furthermore, we estimate the constraint ability of the gravitatio…
Cosmological constraints and standard sirens forecasts for non-dynamical dark energy in Horndeski gravity
Scuola Superiore Meridionale（南方高等学院）；Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)（意大利国家核物理研究所）；Universidad de Salamanca（萨拉曼卡大学）；Instituto Universitario de Física Fundamental y Matemáticas (IUFFyM)（基础物理与数学大学研究所）；Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”（那不勒斯费德里科二世大学）；Università di Salerno（萨莱诺大学）
LISA and Taiji are expected to form a space-based gravitational-wave (GW) detection network in the future. In this work, we make a forecast for the cosmological parameter estimation with the standard siren observation from the LISA-Taiji network. We simulate the standard siren data based on a scenario with configuration angle of $40^{\circ}$ between LISA and Taiji. Three models for the population of massive black hole binary (MBHB), i.e., pop III, Q3d, and Q3nod, are considered to predict the events of MBHB mergers. We find that, based on the LISA-Taiji network, the number of electromagnetic (…
Atom interferometers (AIs) as gravitational-wave (GW) detectors have been proposed a decade ago. Both ground and space-based projects will be in construction and preparation in the near future. In this paper, for the first time, we investigate the potential of the space-borne AIs on detecting GW standard sirens and hence the applications on cosmology. We consider AEDGE as our fiducial AI GW detector and estimate the number of bright sirens that would be obtained within a 5-years data-taking period of GW and with the follow-up observation of electromagnetic (EM) counterparts. We then construct …
We consider two stable Interacting Dark Matter -- Dark Energy models and confront them against current Cosmic Microwave Background data from the \textit{Planck} satellite. We then generate luminosity distance measurements from ${\cal O}(10^3)$ mock Gravitational Wave events matching the expected sensitivity of the proposed Einstein Telescope. We use these to forecast how the addition of Gravitational Wave standard sirens data can improve current limits on the Dark Matter -- Dark Energy coupling strength ($ξ$). We find that the addition of Gravitational Waves data can reduce the current uncerta…
O5 dark-siren forecasts for modified GW propagation: background robustness of the $Ξ$ posterior
National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院国家天文台）；School of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University（山东大学空间科学与物理学院）；School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学天文与空间科学学院）；The International Centre for Theoretical Physics Asia-Pacific, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学亚太理论物理中心）
Gravitational wave (GW) signals from compact binary coalescences can be used as standard sirens to constrain cosmological parameters if their redshift can be measured independently. However, mergers of stellar binary black holes (BBHs) may not have electromagnetic counterparts and thus have no direct redshift measurements. These dark sirens may be still used to statistically constrain cosmological parameters by combining their GW measured luminosity distances and localization with deep redshift surveys of galaxies around it. We investigate this dark siren method in detail by using mock BBH and…
We perform a forecast analysis of the ability of the LISA space-based interferometer to reconstruct the dark sector interaction using gravitational wave (GW) standard sirens at high redshift. We employ Gaussian process methods to reconstruct the distance-redshift relation in a model independent way. We adopt simulated catalogues of standard sirens given by merging massive black hole binaries (MBHBs) visible by LISA, with an electromagnetic (EM) counterpart detectable by future telescopes. The catalogues are constructed considering three different astrophysical scenarios for the evolution of MB…
After the first nearly simultaneous joint observations of gravitational-waves and electromagnetic emission produced by the coalescence of a binary neutron star system, another probe of the cosmic expansion which is independent from the cosmic distance ladder, became available. We perform a global analysis in order to constrain an interacting dark energy model, characterised by a conformal interaction between dark matter and dark energy, by combining current data from: $\textit{Planck}$ observations of the cosmic microwave background radiation anisotropies, and a compilation of Hubble parameter…
Gravitational waves from inspiraling compact objects provide us with information of the distance scale since we can infer the absolute luminosity of the source from analysis of the wave form, which is known as standard sirens. The first detection of the gravitational wave signal of the binary black hole merger event by Advanced LIGO has opened up the possibility of utilizing standard sirens as cosmological probe. In order to extract information of the distance-redshift relation, we cross-correlate weak lensing, which is an unbiased tracer of matter distribution in the Universe, with the projec…
We use gravitational wave (GW) standard sirens, in addition to Type Ia supernovae (SNIa) and baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) mock data, to forecast constraints on the electromagnetic and gravitational distance duality relations (DDR). We make use of a parameterised approach based on a specific DDR violation model, along with a machine learning reconstruction method based on the Genetic Algorithms. We find that GW provide an alternative to the use of BAO data to constrain violations of the DDR, reaching $3\%$ constraints on the violation parameter we consider when combined with SNIa, which is…
In this paper, we present a new method of measuring Hubble parameter($H(z)$), making use of the anisotropy of luminosity distance($d_{L}$), and the analysis of gravitational wave(GW) of neutron star(NS) binary system. The method has never been put into practice before due to the lack of the ability of detecting GW. LIGO's success in detecting GW of black hole(BH) binary system merger announced the possibility of this new method. We apply this method to several GW detecting projects, including Advanced LIGO(Adv-LIGO), Einstein Telescope(ET) and DECIGO, finding that the $H(z)$ by Adv-LIGO and ET…
We consider the unified bulk viscous scenarios and constrain them using the Cosmic Microwave Background observations from Planck 2018 and the Pantheon sample from Type Ia Supernovae. Then we generate the luminosity distance measurements from ${\cal O}(10^3)$ mock Gravitational Wave Standard Sirens (GWSS) events for the proposed Einstein Telescope. We then combine these mock luminosity distance measurements from the GWSS with the current cosmological probes in order to forecast how the mock GWSS data could be effective in constraining these bulk viscous scenarios. Our results show that a non-ze…
We perform a forecast analysis of the capability of the eLISA space-based interferometer to constrain models of early and interacting dark energy using gravitational wave standard sirens. We employ simulated catalogues of standard sirens given by merging massive black hole binaries visible by eLISA, with an electromagnetic counterpart detectable by future telescopes. We consider three-arms mission designs with arm length of 1, 2 and 5 million km, 5 years of mission duration and the best-level low frequency noise as recently tested by the LISA Pathfinder. Standard sirens with eLISA give access …
We consider the effect of a time-varying Planck mass on the propagation of gravitational waves (GWs). A running Planck mass arises naturally in several modified gravity theories, and here we focus on those that carry an additional dark energy field responsible for the late-time accelerated expansion of the universe, yet--like general relativity (GR)--propagate only two GW polarizations, both traveling at the speed of light. Because a time-varying Planck mass affects the amplitude of the GWs and therefore the inferred distance to the source, standard siren measurements of $H_0$ are degenerate w…
In this paper, we present the application of a new method measuring Hubble parameter $H(z)$ by using the anisotropy of luminosity distance($d_{L}$) of the gravitational wave(GW) standard sirens of neutron star(NS) binary system. The method has never been put into practice so far due to the lack of the ability of detecting GW. However, LIGO's success in detecting GW of black hole(BH) binary system merger announced the potential possibility of this new method. We apply this method to several GW detecting projects, including Advanced LIGO(aLIGO), Einstein Telescope(ET) and DECIGO, and evaluate it…
Taiji, a space-based gravitational-wave observatory, consists of three satellites forming an equilateral triangle with arm length of $3\times 10^6$ km, orbiting around the Sun. Taiji is able to observe the gravitational-wave standard siren events of massive black hole binary (MBHB) merger, which is helpful in probing the expansion of the universe. In this paper, we preliminarily forecast the capability of Taiji for improving cosmological parameter estimation with the gravitational-wave standard siren data. We simulate five-year standard siren data based on three fiducial cosmological models an…
Multi-messenger standard-siren cosmology for third-generation gravitational-wave detectors: forecasts considering observations of gamma-ray bursts and kilonovae
We present the first joint inference of standard sirens and gravitational wave weak lensing by filtering of the same dataset. We imagine a post-LISA scenario emerging around the late 2030s when LISA will have accumulated a number of detections at high redshift; LIGO-VIRGO will have finished observing at low redshift, and Einstein Telescope will have started making new observations out to redshifts possibly overlapping with LISA. Euclid and other cosmological probes will have provided constraints at percent level by then, but mostly exhausted their ability to improve any further. We derive fore…
The detection of gravitational waves (GW) by the LIGO and Virgo collaborations offers a whole new range of possible tests and opens up a new window which may shed light on the nature of dark energy and dark matter. In the present work we investigate how future gravitational waves data could help to constrain different dynamical dark energy models. In particular, we perform cosmological forecastings of a class of well known and most used dynamical dark energy models using the third-generation gravitational wave detector, the Einstein Telescope. We have considered 1000 simulated GW events in ord…
Modifications of General Relativity leave their imprint both on the cosmic expansion history through a non-trivial dark energy equation of state, and on the evolution of cosmological perturbations in the scalar and in the tensor sectors. In particular, the modification in the tensor sector gives rise to a notion of gravitational-wave (GW) luminosity distance, different from the standard electromagnetic luminosity distance, that can be studied with standard sirens at GW detectors such as LISA or third-generation ground based experiments. We discuss the predictions for modified GW propagation fr…
Gravitational-wave (GW) detectors can contribute to the measurement of cosmological parameters and to testing the dark-energy sector of alternatives to $Λ$CDM, by using standard sirens. In this paper we focus on binary neutron stars with a counterpart detected through a gamma-ray burst (GRB), both at a second-generation network made by advanced LIGO+advanced Virgo+LIGO India+Kagra, and at third-generation (3G) detectors, discussing in particular the cases of a single Einstein Telescope (ET), and of a network of ET plus two Cosmic Explorer (CE). We construct mock catalogs of standard sirens, us…
In the next decades, the gravitational-wave (GW) standard siren observations and the neutral hydrogen 21-cm intensity mapping (IM) surveys, as two promising cosmological probes, will play an important role in precisely measuring cosmological parameters. In this work, we make a forecast for cosmological parameter estimation with the synergy between the GW standard siren observations and the 21-cm IM surveys. We choose the Einstein Telescope (ET) and the Taiji observatory as the representatives of the GW detection projects and choose the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) phase I mid-frequency array a…
Modified gravity theories with an effective Newton constant that varies over cosmological timescales generally predict a different gravitational wave luminosity distance than General Relativity. While this holds for a uniform variation, we show that if locally screened at the source and at the observer as required to pass stringent astrophysical tests of gravity, the General Relativistic distance is restored. In the absence of such a screening, the same effect must modify electromagnetic luminosity distances inferred from supernovae Type Ia, to the extent that the effects can cancel in the com…
We construct the catalogues of standard sirens (StS) based on the future gravitational wave (GW) detector networks, i.e., the second-generation ground-based advanced LIGO+advanced Virgo+KAGRA+LIGO-India (HLVKI), the third-generation ground-based Einstein Telescope+two Cosmic Explorer (ET+2CE), and the space-based LISA+Taiji. From the corresponding electromagnetic (EM) counterpart detectors for each networks, we sample the joint GW+EM detections from the probability to construct the Hubble diagram of standard sirens for 10 years detections of HLVKI, 5 years detections of ET+2CE, and 5 years of …
The propagation of gravitational waves (GWs) at cosmological distances offers a new way to test the gravitational interaction at the largest scales. Many modified theories of gravity, usually introduced to explain the observed acceleration of the universe, can be probed in an alternative and complementary manner with respect to standard electromagnetic (EM) observations. In this paper we consider a homogeneous and isotropic cosmology with extra spatial dimensions at large scales, which represents a simple phenomenological prototype for extra-dimensional modified gravity cosmological models. By…
Model-Independent Test of Prerecombination New Physics: Measuring the Sound Horizon with Gravitational Wave Standard Sirens and the Baryon Acoustic Oscillation Angular Scale
The first multi-messenger gravitational wave event has had a transformative effect on the space of modified gravity models. In this paper we study the enhanced tests of gravity that are possible with a future set of gravitational wave standard siren events. We perform MCMC constraint forecasts for parameters in Horndeski scalar-tensor theories. In particular, we focus on the complementarity of gravitational waves with electromagnetic large-scale structure data from galaxy surveys. We find that the addition of fifty low redshift ($z \lesssim 0.2$) standard sirens from the advanced LIGO network …
Inferring cosmological parameters from galaxy and dark sirens cross-correlation
RWTH Aachen University（亚琛工业大学）；University of Torino（都灵大学）；Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino（意大利国家核物理研究所，都灵分部）；Paderborn University（帕德博恩大学）；Università di Pisa（比萨大学）；INFN, Sezione di Pisa（意大利国家核物理研究所，比萨分部）；Institute of Scientific Information, German Aerospace Center (DLR)（德国航空航天中心科学信息研究所）
It is always interesting to investigate how well can a future experiment perform with respect to others (present or future ones). Cosmology is really an exciting field where a lot of puzzles are still unknown. In this article we consider a generalized dark energy (DE) scenario where anisotropic stress is present. We constrain this generalized cosmic scenario with an aim to investigate how gravitational waves standard sirens (GWSS) may constrain the anisotropic stress, which according to the standard cosmological probes, remains unconstrained. In order to do this, we generate the luminosity dis…
Pushing spectral siren cosmology into the third-generation era: a blinded mock data challenge
Università di Bologna（博洛尼亚大学）；INFN - Sezione di Bologna（意大利国家核物理研究所博洛尼分部）；INAF - Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna（意大利国家天体物理研究所博洛尼亚天文与空间科学观测站）；Aix-Marseille Université（艾克斯-马赛大学）；Université de Toulon（土伦大学）；CNRS, CPT（法国国家科学研究中心， cpt 中心）；INFN, Sezione di Roma（意大利国家核物理研究所罗马分部）；“Sapienza” Universitá di Roma（罗马大学）；CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM（法国国家科学研究中心/法国粒子与核物理研究所，马赛质子与核物理中心）
We explore the prospects for constraining cosmology using gravitational-wave (GW) observations of neutron-star binaries by the proposed Einstein Telescope (ET), exploiting the narrowness of the neutron-star mass function. Double neutron-star (DNS) binaries are expected to be one of the first sources detected after "first-light" of Advanced LIGO and are expected to be detected at a rate of a few tens per year in the advanced era. However the proposed ET could catalog tens of thousands per year. Combining the measured source redshift distributions with GW-network distance determinations will per…
Weak gravitational lensing provides a sensitive probe of cosmology by measuring the mass distribution and the geometry of the low redshift universe. We show how an all-sky weak lensing tomographic survey can jointly constrain different sets of cosmological parameters describing dark energy, massive neutrinos (hot dark matter), and the primordial power spectrum. In order to put all sectors on an equal footing, we introduce a new parameter $β$, the second order running spectral index. Using the Fisher matrix formalism with and without CMB priors, we examine how the constraints vary as the parame…
In this paper we study the consequences of relaxing the hypothesis of the pressureless nature of the dark matter component when determining constraints on dark energy. To this aim we consider simple generalized dark matter models with constant equation of state parameter. We find that present-day low-redshift probes (type-Ia supernovae and baryonic acoustic oscillations) lead to a complete degeneracy between the dark energy and the dark matter sectors. However, adding the cosmic microwave background (CMB) high-redshift probe restores constraints similar to those on the standard $Λ$CDM model. W…
We combine 23 Hubble constant measurements based on Cepheids-SN Ia, TRGB-SN Ia, Miras-SN Ia, Masers, Tully Fisher, Surface Brightness Fluctuations, SN II, Time-delay Lensing, Standard Sirens and $γ$-ray Attenuation, obtaining our best {\it optimistic} $H_0$ estimate, that is $H_0=72.94\pm0.75$ km/s/Mpc at 68\% CL. This is in $5.9σ$ tension with the $Λ$CDM model, therefore we evaluate its impact on the extended Dark Energy cosmological models that can alleviate the tension. We find more than $4.9σ$ evidence for a phantom Dark Energy equation of state in the $w$CDM scenario, the cosmological con…
Recently, about five hundred fast radio bursts (FRBs) detected by CHIME/FRB Project have been reported. The vast amounts of data would make FRBs a promising low-redshift cosmological probe in the forthcoming years, and thus the issue of how many FRBs are needed for precise cosmological parameter estimation in different dark energy models should be detailedly investigated. Different from the usually considered $w(z)$-parameterized models in the literature, in this work we investigate the holographic dark energy (HDE) model and the Ricci dark energy (RDE) model, which originate from the holograp…
We study a model of interacting dark matter and dark energy, in which the two components are coupled. We calculate the predictions for the 21-cm intensity mapping power spectra, and forecast the detectability with future single-dish intensity mapping surveys (BINGO, FAST and SKA-I). Since dark energy is turned on at $z\sim 1$, which falls into the sensitivity range of these radio surveys, the HI intensity mapping technique is an efficient tool to constrain the interaction. By comparing with current constraints on dark sector interactions, we find that future radio surveys will produce tight an…
The physics of the dark sector has remained one of the controversial areas of modern cosmology at present and hence it naturally attracts massive attention to the scientific community. With the developments of the astronomical data, the physics of the dark sector is becoming much more transparent than it was some twenty years back. The detection of gravitational waves (GWs) has now opened a cluster of possibilities in the cosmological regime. Being motivated by the detection of GWs and its possible impact on the physics of dark matter and dark energy, in this work we focus on the interacting d…
Illuminating the Dark Sector: Understanding Modified Gravity Signatures with Cross-Correlations of Gravitational Waves and Large-Scale Structure
Sapienza University（萨皮恩扎罗马大学）；INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma（意大利国家天体物理研究所罗马天文台）；INFN - Sezione di Roma（意大利国家核物理研究所罗马分部）；Tor Vergata University（托尔维加塔大学）；Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学物理与天文学学院天体物理研究所）；Leiden Observatory, Leiden University（莱顿大学莱顿天文台）；ESTEC - European Space Agency（欧洲空间局欧洲空间研究与技术中心）；Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth（朴茨茅斯宇宙学与引力研究所）
