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arXiv 2102.01960quant-ph
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量子霸权与量子线路输出概率估计的困难性

Quantum supremacy and hardness of estimating output probabilities of quantum circuits

Yasuhiro Kondo, Ryuhei Mori, Ramis Movassagh

摘要:

受最近量子霸权的实验演示的启发,证明随机量子线路的输出的硬度是一个迫切的近期目标。在多项式族不崩溃的复杂性理论假设下,证明了随机量子线路的输出概率在加性误差$\exp(-Ω(m\log m))$内的逼近对于任何经典计算机都是困难的,其中$\exp(-Ω(m\log m))$是量子计算中的门数.更准确地说,我们表明,上述问题是$\#\mathsf{P}$ -硬下$\mathsf{BPP}^{\mathsf{NP}}$减少。在最近的实验中,量子电路具有$n$ -量子位,并且架构是尺寸为$\sqrt{n}\times\sqrt{n}$的二维网格。实际上,对于恒定深度电路,将输出概率近似到$2^{-Ω(n\log{n})}$内是困难的。对于反集中性质成立的深度为$\log{n}$或$\sqrt{n}$的电路,分别将输出概率近似到$2^{-Ω(n\log^2{n})}$和$2^{-Ω(n^{3/2}\log n)}$内是困难的。然后,我们表明,硬度的结果扩展到任何开放的邻域的任意(固定)电路,包括平凡电路与身份门。我们努力寻找最好的证据,并证明这些结果的第一原则,不使用标准的技术,如Berlekamp-Welch算法,通常的Paturi引理,和Rakhmanov的结果。

英文摘要:

Motivated by the recent experimental demonstrations of quantum supremacy, proving the hardness of the output of random quantum circuits is an imperative near term goal. We prove under the complexity theoretical assumption of the non-collapse of the polynomial hierarchy that approximating the output probabilities of random quantum circuits to within $\exp(-Ω(m\log m))$ additive error is hard for any classical computer, where $m$ is the number of gates in the quantum computation. More precisely, we show that the above problem is $\#\mathsf{P}$-hard under $\mathsf{BPP}^{\mathsf{NP}}$ reduction. In the recent experiments, the quantum circuit has $n$-qubits and the architecture is a two-dimensional grid of size $\sqrt{n}\times\sqrt{n}$. Indeed for constant depth circuits approximating the output probabilities to within $2^{-Ω(n\log{n})}$ is hard. For circuits of depth $\log{n}$ or $\sqrt{n}$ for which the anti-concentration property holds, approximating the output probabilities to within $2^{-Ω(n\log^2{n})}$ and $2^{-Ω(n^{3/2}\log n)}$ is hard respectively. We then show that the hardness results extend to any open neighborhood of an arbitrary (fixed) circuit including the trivial circuit with identity gates. We made an effort to find the best proofs and proved these results from first principles, which do not use the standard techniques such as the Berlekamp--Welch algorithm, the usual Paturi's lemma, and Rakhmanov's result.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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