arXivDaily arXiv每日学术速递 周一至周五更新
arXiv 1909.06210quant-phcond-mat.str-elcs.CChep-thmath-phmath.MP
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量子霸权和随机电路

Quantum supremacy and random circuits

Ramis Movassagh

摘要:

随着摩尔定律达到极限,量子计算机正在出现,并有望大大超过经典计算机。我们已经见证了具有超过$50$量子比特(qubit)的量子处理器的出现,预计这将超出经典模拟的范围。量子霸权是推翻旧的扩展丘奇-图灵命题的事件:量子计算机执行任何经典(超级)计算机几乎不可能完成的任务。论证既需要坚实的理论保证,也需要实验实现。领先的候选者是随机电路采样(RCS),这是从随机量子线路的输出分布中采样的任务。谷歌最近宣布了RCS的$53-$量子位实验演示。不久之后,经典算法出现了,通过估计随机电路的输出来挑战随机电路的霸权。经典地模拟随机量子线路的输出有多难?我们证明了,估计随机量子线路的输出概率是非常困难的($\#P$ -硬)的任何经典计算机。这使得RCS成为相对于所有其他提案证明量子优越性的最强候选者。我们证明的估计误差的鲁棒性可以作为一个新的硬度标准的经典算法的性能。为了实现这一点,我们引入了量子计算的任何两个门之间的凯莱路径插值,并将量子复杂性和信息的最新进展与概率和随机矩阵进行卷积。此外,我们应用代数几何推广著名的Berlekamp-Welch算法,广泛应用于编码理论和密码学。我们的结果表明,大多数量子线路的经典模拟存在指数硬度势垒。

英文摘要:

As Moore's law reaches its limits, quantum computers are emerging with the promise of dramatically outperforming classical computers. We have witnessed the advent of quantum processors with over $50$ quantum bits (qubits), which are expected to be beyond the reach of classical simulation. Quantum supremacy is the event at which the old Extended Church-Turing Thesis is overturned: A quantum computer performs a task that is practically impossible for any classical (super)computer. The demonstration requires both a solid theoretical guarantee and an experimental realization. The lead candidate is Random Circuit Sampling (RCS), which is the task of sampling from the output distribution of random quantum circuits. Google recently announced a $53-$qubit experimental demonstration of RCS. Soon after, classical algorithms appeared that challenge the supremacy of random circuits by estimating their outputs. How hard is it to classically simulate the output of random quantum circuits? We prove that estimating the output probabilities of random quantum circuits is formidably hard ($\#P$-Hard) for any classical computer. This makes RCS the strongest candidate for demonstrating quantum supremacy relative to all other proposals. The robustness to the estimation error that we prove may serve as a new hardness criterion for the performance of classical algorithms. To achieve this, we introduce the Cayley path interpolation between any two gates of a quantum computation and convolve recent advances in quantum complexity and information with probability and random matrices. Furthermore, we apply algebraic geometry to generalize the well-known Berlekamp-Welch algorithm that is widely used in coding theory and cryptography. Our results imply that there is an exponential hardness barrier for the classical simulation of most quantum circuits.

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