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arXiv 1608.00263quant-ph
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表征近期器件中的量子优越性

Characterizing Quantum Supremacy in Near-Term Devices

Sergio Boixo, Sergei V. Isakov, Vadim N. Smelyanskiy, Ryan Babbush, Nan Ding, Zhang Jiang, Michael J. Bremner, John M. Martinis, Hartmut Neven

摘要:

在不久的将来,量子计算领域的一个关键问题是,没有纠错的量子设备是否可以执行超出最先进的经典计算机能力的明确定义的计算任务,实现所谓的量子霸权。我们研究了从(伪)随机量子线路的输出分布中采样的任务,这是对量子计算机进行基准测试的一项自然任务。至关重要的是,对这种分布进行采样传统上需要对电路进行直接的数值模拟,计算成本与量子比特的数量成指数关系。这一要求是混沌系统的典型特征。我们扩展了以前的计算复杂性的结果,更正式地认为,这个采样任务必须采取指数时间在一个经典的计算机。我们使用大量的超级计算机模拟来研究向混沌状态的收敛,用多达42个量子比特对电路进行建模-这是迄今为止为接近量子霸权的计算任务模拟的最大的量子线路。我们认为,虽然混沌状态对错误非常敏感,但量子霸权可以在短期内实现大约50个超导量子比特。我们引入交叉熵作为量子线路的一个有用的基准,它近似于电路的保真度。我们表明,交叉熵可以有效地测量时,电路模拟。除了经典的易于处理的制度,交叉熵可以外推,并与电路保真度的理论估计进行比较,以定义一个实际的量子霸权测试。

英文摘要:

A critical question for the field of quantum computing in the near future is whether quantum devices without error correction can perform a well-defined computational task beyond the capabilities of state-of-the-art classical computers, achieving so-called quantum supremacy. We study the task of sampling from the output distributions of (pseudo-)random quantum circuits, a natural task for benchmarking quantum computers. Crucially, sampling this distribution classically requires a direct numerical simulation of the circuit, with computational cost exponential in the number of qubits. This requirement is typical of chaotic systems. We extend previous results in computational complexity to argue more formally that this sampling task must take exponential time in a classical computer. We study the convergence to the chaotic regime using extensive supercomputer simulations, modeling circuits with up to 42 qubits - the largest quantum circuits simulated to date for a computational task that approaches quantum supremacy. We argue that while chaotic states are extremely sensitive to errors, quantum supremacy can be achieved in the near-term with approximately fifty superconducting qubits. We introduce cross entropy as a useful benchmark of quantum circuits which approximates the circuit fidelity. We show that the cross entropy can be efficiently measured when circuit simulations are available. Beyond the classically tractable regime, the cross entropy can be extrapolated and compared with theoretical estimates of circuit fidelity to define a practical quantum supremacy test.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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